Family Hybridising species Location Direction to Reference
Animals Animals Animals Animals Animals
Bufonidae Bufo turanensis (2n = 2x = 22) X Bufo pewzowi (2n = 4x = 44)allo Kyrgyzstan Diploid Stöck et al. (2010)
Cyprinidae Squalius alburnoides (2n = 2x = 50; 3n = 75; 4n = 100) X S. pyrenaicus (2n = 2x = 50)allo Iberia - Alves et al. (2001); Crespo-López et al. (2007)
Myobatrachidae Neobatrachus sutor (2n = 2x = 24) x N. kunapalari (2n = 4x = 48)auto Australia Tetraploid Novikova et al. (2020)
Plants Plants Plants Plants Plants
Aspleniaceae Asplenium scolopendrium (2n = 2x = 72) x A. adiantum-nigrum (2n = 4x = 144) Britain - Stace et al. (2015)
Cyatheaceae Gymnosphaera denticulata (2n = 2x = 138) x G. metteniana (2n = 4x = 274)allo China Tetraploid Wang et al. (2020)
Dryopteridaceae Polystichum setiferum (2n = 2x = 82) x P. aculeatum (2n = 4x = 164) Britain - Manton (1950)
Asteraceae Achillea clypeolata (2n = 2x = 18) x A. collina (2n = 4x = 36)allo Bulgaria Tetraploid Guo et al. (2005)
Asteraceae Achillea setacea (2n = 2x = 18) x Achillea collina (2n = 4x = 36) Ma et al. (2010)
Asteraceae Achillea asplenifolia (2n = 2x = 18) x Achillea collina (2n = 4x = 36) Ma et al. (2010)
Asteraceae Centaurea pseudophrygia (2n = 2x = 22) x C. jacea (2n = 4x = 44) Czech Republic - Koutecky et al. (2011)
Asteraceae Chyrsanthemum indicum (2n = 4x = 36) and C. vestitum (2n = 6x = 54) China Both Qi et al. (2022)
Asteraceae Cirsium carniolicum ssp. rufescens (2n = 2x = 16) x C. palustre (2n = 4x = 34) France Tetraploid Segarra-Moragues et al. (2007)
Asteraceae Ixeris repens (2n = 2x = 16) x I. debilis (2n = 6x = 48)auto Japan Hexaploid(?) Denda & Yokota (2003)
Asteraceae Packera paupercula (2n = 4x = 44) x P. indecora (2n = 8x = 88) USA; Michigan - Kowal et al. (2011)
Asteraceae Senecio madagascariensis (2n = 2x = ?) x S. pinnatifolius (2n = 4x = ?) Australia - Prentis et al. (2007)
Asteraceae Senecio squalidus (2n = 2x = 20) x S. vulgaris (2n = 4x = 40)allo Britain Tetraploid; chromosome doubling Abbott et al. (2007); Irwin & Abbott (1992); Abbott et al. (1992); Chapman & Abbott (2010); Abbott & Lowe, (2004)
Betulaceae Betula nana (2n = 2x = 28) x B. pubescens (2n = 4x = 56)allo Britain Tetraploid; both(?) Wang et al. (2014); Thorsson et al. (2007); Palme et al. (2004)
Betulaceae Betula pendula (2n = 2x = 28) x B. pubescens (2n = 4x = 56)allo Britain Tetraploid Zohren et al. (2016)
Betulaceae Betula × purpusii (2n = 5x = 70) x B. alleghaniensis (2n = 6x = 84)allo Michigan; USA Hexaploid Barnes & Dancik (1985)
Brassicaceae Cardamine apennina (2n =2x = 16) x C. amporitana (2n = 4x = 32) Italy Tetraploid Lihova et al. (2004)
Brassicaceae Cardamine × insueta (2n = 3x = 24) x C. pratensis (2n = 4x = 32) Switzerland - Mandakova et al. (2013)
Brassicaceae Cochlearia officinalis (2n = 4x = 24) x C. danica (2n = 6x = 42) Britain Tetraploid Fearn (1977)
Brassicaceae Draba incana (2n = 4x = 32) x D. norvegica (2n = 6x = 48)allo Scandinavia - Brochmann et al. (1992)
Brassicaceae Draba nivalis (2n = 2x = 16) x D. daurica (2n = 8x = 64) Scandinavia - Brochmann et al. (1992)
Brassicaceae Draba arctica (2n = 10x = 80) x D. corymbosa (2n = 16x = 128)allo Scandinavia - Brochmann et al. (1992)
Brassicaceae Rorippa austraica (2n = 2x = 16) x R. sylvestris (2n = 4x/6x = 32/48) Germany Both Bleeker (2003), see also Bleeker (2007)
Fabaceae Lotus stepposus (2n = 2x = 12) x L. × ucrainicus (2n = 4x =24)allo Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia - Kramina et al. (2018)
Liliaceae Erythronium mesochoreum (2n = 2x = 22) x E. albidum (2n = 4x = 44) Nebraska; USA - Roccaforte et al. (2015)
Orchidaceae Dactylorhiza fuchsii (2n = 2x = 40) x D. praetermissa (2n = 4x = 80)allo Belgium - De Hert et al. (2012)
Orchidaceae Dactylorhiza incarnata (2n = 2x = 40) x D. praetermissa (2n = 4x = 80)allo Belgium - De Hert et al. (2012); De Hert et al. (2011)
Orchidaceae Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. cruenta (2n = 2x = 40) x D. lapponica (2n = 4x = 80)allo Norway Tetraploid Aagaard et al. (2005)
Orchidaceae Dactylorhiza incarnata (2n = 2x = 40) x D. traunsteineri (2n = 4x = 80)allo Sweden Tetraploid Hedren (2003); see also Balao et al. (2017)
Orchidaceae Dactylorhiza fuchsii (2n = 2x = 40) x D. maculata (2n = 4x = 80)auto Europe to Caucasus - Shipunov et al. (2004)
Orchidaceae Epidendrum fulgens (2n = 2x = 24) x E. puniceoluteum (2n = 4x = 52) Brazil Tetraploid Pinheiro et al. (2010)
Orobanchaceae Euphrasia anglica (2n = 2x = 22) x E. micrantha (2n = 4x = 44)allo Britain Diploid(?) Yeo (1956); French et al. (2008)
Phrymaceae Mimulus guttatus (2n = 2x = 28) x M. luteus (2n = 4x = 60-2)allo Britain Chromosome doubling Vallejo-Marin (2012)
Plantaginaceae Callitriche cophocarpa (2n = 2x = 10) x C. platycarpa (2n = 4x = 20)allo Europe - Prancl et al. (2014)
Poaceae Miscanthus sacchariflorus (2n = 4x = 76) auto x M. sinensis (2n = 2x = 38) Korea and Japan Tetraploid Clark et al. (2019)
Poaceae Vulpia fasciculata (2n = 4x = 28) x Festuca rubra (2n = 6x = 42) Britain Hexaploid(?) Bailey et al. (1993)
Polygalaceae Polygala calcarea (2n = 2x = 34) x P. vulgaris (2n = 4x = 68) Britain Tetraploid Lack (1995)
Polygonaceae Fallopica sachaliensis (2n = 4x = 44) x F. japonica var japonica (2n = 8x = 88) Britain - Bailey (2013); see also Bailey & Wisskirchen, (2004) and Hollingsworth et al. (1999)
Polygonaceae Rumex obtusifolius (2n = 4x = 40) x R. aquaticus (2n = 20x = 200) Britain 20-ploid Ruhsam et al. (2015)
Primulaceae Dodecatheon frenchii (2n = 2x = 44) x D. meadia (2n = 4x = 88) Illinois; USA Tetraploid Oberle et al. (2012)
Rannunculaceae Aconitum variegatum (2n = 2x = 16) x A. firmum (2n = 4x = 32)allo Europe Diploid? Sutkowska et al. (2017)
Rannunculaceae Ficaria calthifolia (2n = 2x = 16) x F. verna subsp. verna (2n = 4x = 32) Europe - Popelka et al. (2019)
Rosaceae Rosa rugosa (2n = 2x = 14) x R. mollis (2n = 4x = 28) Europe Tetraploid Kellner et al. (2012)
Violaceae Viola reichenbachiana (2n = 2x = 20) x V. riviniana (2n = 4x = 40)allo Germany - Neuffer et al. (1999); see also Migdalek et al. (2017)
Violaceae Viola epipsila (2n = 4x = 24) x V. palustris (2n = 8x = 48)allo Poland Putative F1s dominate Żabicka et al. (2020)