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Figure 1. Changes in a) plant species, b) insect family, and c) soil
microbial OTU richness with relative invasion cover of B.
arvensis and B. tectorum in Montana (MT) and Wyoming (WY).
P-values and marginal R2 values for significant (solid
lines) or marginally significant (dashed line) effects of invasion on
richness are shown according to results from mixed-model ANOVAs
(Appendix S1: Table S1). One outlier was removed from Montana microbial
data to meet model assumptions.
Figure 2. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of a) plant, b)
insect, and c) soil microbial community compositions in relation to
invasion by B. arvensis and B. tectorum in Montana (MT)
and Wyoming (WY). P-values for significant changes in composition are
shown according to the PERMANOVA results (Appendix S1: Table S2).
Invasion levels connected with vertical black lines are not
significantly different based on pairwise comparisons (pairwise
PERMANOVA).
Figure 3. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of a) plant, b)
insect, and c) soil microbial functional group compositions in relation
to invasion by B. arvensis and B. tectorum in Montana (MT)
and Wyoming (WY). P-values for significant changes in functional groups
are shown according to the PERMANOVA results (Appendix S1: Table S3).
Invasion levels connected with vertical black lines are not
significantly different based on pairwise comparisons (pairwise
PERMANOVA).
Figure 4. Changes in a) total insect biomass and b) total plant
herbivory with relative invasion cover of B. arvensis in Montana
(MT) in 2021 and 2022. Significant differences in plant herbivory from
mixed-model ANOVAs (Appendix S1: Table S6) are indicated by asterisks,
where * means p < 0.1, ** means p < 0.05, and ***
means p < 0.001.