3. Surgical techniques
Patients underwent endonasal endoscopic surgery by a skilled surgeon in a tertiary care center. Depending on the tumour location and extension different surgical procedures were performed. All procedures were carried out with image-guided surgical navigation (Kick® EM, Brainlab, Heimstetten, Germany).
As most inverted papillomas grow into the maxillary sinus, most interventions consist of a modified endoscopic Denker’s procedure.9
In this study we distinguish in our modified endoscopic Denker’s procedures between a medial maxillectomy type 2 and type 3.
With a tumour outside of the maxillary sinus, endoscopic excision with or without functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) was performed.