References
1. Norcross JR, Conkin J, Wessel III JH, Norsk P, Law J, Arias D, Goodwin T, Crucian B, Whitmire A, Bloomberg J. Evidence Report: Risk of Hypobaric Hypoxia from the Exploration Atmosphere. 2015.
2. Law J, Van Baalen M, Foy M, Mason SS, Mendez C, Wear ML, Meyers VE, Alexander D. Relationship Between Carbon Dioxide Levels and Reported Headaches on the International Space Station. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2014; 56: 477-83.
3. Cottrell JJ. Altitude exposures during aircraft flight. Flying higher. Chest 1988; 93: 81-4.
4. Basner M, Stahn AC, Nasrini J, Dinges DF, Moore TM, Gur RC, Mühl C, Macias BR, Laurie SS. Effects of head-down tilt bed rest plus elevated CO(2) on cognitive performance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130: 1235-46.
5. Ruthenborg RJ, Ban JJ, Wazir A, Takeda N, Kim JW. Regulation of wound healing and fibrosis by hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Mol Cells 2014; 37: 637-43.
6. Savransky V, Nanayakkara A, Li J, Bevans S, Smith PL, Rodriguez A, Polotsky VY. Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces atherosclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175: 1290-7.
7. Pak O, Aldashev A, Welsh D, Peacock A. The effects of hypoxia on the cells of the pulmonary vasculature. Eur Respir J 2007; 30: 364-72.
8. Behrendt T, Bielitzki R, Behrens M, Herold F, Schega L. Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia on Performance- and Health-Related Outcomes in Humans: A Systematic Review. Sports Med Open 2022; 8: 70.
9. Sharma S, Hashmi MF. Partial Pressure Of Oxygen. In: StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing
Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC., 2023.
10. Carreau A, El Hafny-Rahbi B, Matejuk A, Grillon C, Kieda C. Why is the partial oxygen pressure of human tissues a crucial parameter? Small molecules and hypoxia. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15: 1239-53.
11. Dunn J-O, Mythen M, Grocott M. Physiology of oxygen transport. BJA Education 2016; 16: 341-48.
12. Rhodes CE, Denault D, Varacallo M. Physiology, Oxygen Transport. In: StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing
Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC., 2023.
13. Tamisier R, Gilmartin GS, Launois SH, Pépin JL, Nespoulet H, Thomas R, Lévy P, Weiss JW. A new model of chronic intermittent hypoxia in humans: effect on ventilation, sleep, and blood pressure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107: 17-24.
14. Ahmad M, Wolberg A, Kahwaji CI. Biochemistry, Electron Transport Chain. In: StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing
Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC., 2023.
15. Sarkar M, Niranjan N, Banyal PK. Mechanisms of hypoxemia. Lung India 2017; 34: 47-60.
16. Seyhan AA. Lost in translation: the valley of death across preclinical and clinical divide – identification of problems and overcoming obstacles. Translational Medicine Communications 2019; 4: 18.
17. Butler D. Translational research: Crossing the valley of death. Nature 2008; 453: 840-42.
18. Bucchia M, Merwin SJ, Re DB, Kariya S. Limitations and Challenges in Modeling Diseases Involving Spinal Motor Neuron Degeneration in Vitro. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12: 61.
19. Heusch G. Critical Issues for the Translation of Cardioprotection. Circ Res 2017; 120: 1477-86.
20. McElroy GS, Chandel NS. Mitochondria control acute and chronic responses to hypoxia. Exp Cell Res 2017; 356: 217-22.
21. Ward JP. Oxygen sensors in context. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008; 1777: 1-14.
22. Moreno-Domínguez A, Colinas O, Smani T, Ureña J, López-Barneo J. Acute oxygen sensing by vascular smooth muscle cells. Frontiers in physiology 2023; 14: 1142354.
23. Chen P-S, Chiu W-T, Hsu P-L, Lin S-C, Peng IC, Wang C-Y, Tsai S-J. Pathophysiological implications of hypoxia in human diseases. Journal of Biomedical Science 2020; 27: 63.
24. Merelli A, Rodríguez JCG, Folch J, Regueiro MR, Camins A, Lazarowski A. Understanding the Role of Hypoxia Inducible Factor During Neurodegeneration for New Therapeutics Opportunities. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16: 1484-98.
25. Ratcliffe PJ, O’Rourke JF, Maxwell PH, Pugh CW. Oxygen sensing, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and the regulation of mammalian gene expression. J Exp Biol 1998; 201: 1153-62.
26. Kelly B, O’Neill LA. Metabolic reprogramming in macrophages and dendritic cells in innate immunity. Cell Res 2015; 25: 771-84.
27. Schäfer ST, Frede S, Winning S, Bick A, Roshangar P, Fandrey J, Peters J, Adamzik M. Hypoxia-inducible factor and target gene expression are decreased in patients with sepsis: prospective observational clinical and cellular studies. Anesthesiology 2013; 118: 1426-36.
28. Hartmann H, Eltzschig HK, Wurz H, Hantke K, Rakin A, Yazdi AS, Matteoli G, Bohn E, Autenrieth IB, Karhausen J, Neumann D, Colgan SP, Kempf VA. Hypoxia-independent activation of HIF-1 by enterobacteriaceae and their siderophores. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 756-67.
29. Bishop T, Ratcliffe PJ. HIF hydroxylase pathways in cardiovascular physiology and medicine. Circ Res 2015; 117: 65-79.
30. Koh MY, Powis G. Passing the baton: the HIF switch. Trends Biochem Sci 2012; 37: 364-72.
31. Ghosh MC, Zhang DL, Ollivierre WH, Noguchi A, Springer DA, Linehan WM, Rouault TA. Therapeutic inhibition of HIF-2α reverses polycythemia and pulmonary hypertension in murine models of human diseases. Blood 2021; 137: 2509-19.
32. Wicks EE, Semenza GL. Hypoxia-inducible factors: cancer progression and clinical translation. J Clin Invest 2022; 132.
33. West JB. High life : a history of high-altitude physiology and medicine. 1st 1998. Editon. New York, NY: Springer, 1998.
34. Swenson ER BP. High Altitude Human Adaption to Hypoxia. 1 Editon: New York: Springer Science+Business Media New York, 2014.
35. West JB. Human responses to extreme altitudes. Integr Comp Biol 2006; 46: 25-34.
36. Dzhalilova D, Makarova O. Differences in Tolerance to Hypoxia: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular-Biological Characteristics. Biomedicines 2020; 8.
37. Donnelly C, Schmitt S, Cecatto C, Cardoso L, Komlódi T, Place N, Kayser B, Gnaiger E. The ABC of hypoxia–what is the norm. Bioenergetic Commun 2022; 2022: 12.
38. Houston CS. Operation Everest one and two. Studies of acclimatization to simulated high altitude. Respiration 1997; 64: 398-406.
39. Richalet JP. Operation everest III: COMEX ’97. High Altitude Medicine and Biology 2010; 11(2): 121-32.
40. Hoffmann F, Limper U, Zaha VG, Reuter H, Zange L, Schulz-Menger J, Hein M, Baldus S, Levine BD, Jordan J, Tank J. Evolution of Pulmonary Hypertension During Severe Sustained Hypoxia. Circulation 2020; 141: 1504-06.
41. Limper U, Hoffmann F, Zaha VG, Reuter H, Hein M, Sadek H, Levine BD, Jordan J, Tank J. Disconnect between hypoxaemia and dyspnoea in severe sustained hypoxia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2021; 38: 798-800.
42. Sönksen SE, Kühn S, Basner M, Gerlach D, Hoffmann F, Mühl C, Tank J, Noblé HJ, Akgün K, Ziemssen T, Jordan J, Limper U. Brain structure and neurocognitive function in two professional mountaineers during 35 days of severe normobaric hypoxia. European journal of neurology 2022; 29: 3112-16.
43. Hönemann J-N, Gerlach D, Hoffmann F, Kramer T, Weis H, Hellweg CE, Konda B, Zaha VG, Sadek HA, van Herwarden AE, Olthaar AJ, Reuter H, Baldus S, Levine BD, Jordan J, Tank J, Limper U. Hypoxia and Cardiac Function in Patients With Prior Myocardial Infarction. Circulation Research 2023; 132: 1165-67.
44. Forrer A, Gaisl T, Sevik A, Meyer M, Senteler L, Lichtblau M, Bloch KE, Ulrich S, Furian M. Partial Pressure of Arterial Oxygen in Healthy Adults at High Altitudes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Network Open 2023; 6: e2318036-e36.
45. Coppel J, Hennis P, Gilbert-Kawai E, Grocott MP. The physiological effects of hypobaric hypoxia versus normobaric hypoxia: a systematic review of crossover trials. Extrem Physiol Med 2015; 4: 2.
46. Rosales AM, Shute RJ, Hailes WS, Collins CW, Ruby BC, Slivka DR. Independent effects of acute normobaric hypoxia and hypobaric hypoxia on human physiology. Scientific Reports 2022 12:1 2022; 12: 1-10.
47. Simonson TS. Altitude Adaptation: A Glimpse Through Various Lenses. High Alt Med Biol 2015; 16: 125-37.
48. Azad P, Stobdan T, Zhou D, Hartley I, Akbari A, Bafna V, Haddad GG. High-altitude adaptation in humans: from genomics to integrative physiology. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95: 1269-82.
49. Stobdan T, Zhou D, Ao-Ieong E, Ortiz D, Ronen R, Hartley I, Gan Z, McCulloch AD, Bafna V, Cabrales P, Haddad GG. Endothelin receptor B, a candidate gene from human studies at high altitude, improves cardiac tolerance to hypoxia in genetically engineered heterozygote mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112: 10425-30.
50. Dagassan PH, Breu V, Clozel M, Künzli A, Vogt P, Turina M, Kiowski W, Clozel JP. Up-regulation of endothelin-B receptors in atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996; 27: 147-53.
51. Dimitrijevic I, Edvinsson ML, Chen Q, Malmsjö M, Kimblad PO, Edvinsson L. Increased expression of vascular endothelin type B and angiotensin type 1 receptors in patients with ischemic heart disease. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2009; 9: 40.
52. Kühn S, Gerlach D, Noblé HJ, Weber F, Rittweger J, Jordan J, Limper U. An Observational Cerebral Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study Following 7 Days at 4554 m. High altitude medicine & biology 2019; 20: 407-16.
53. Connolly DM. Oxygenation State and Twilight Vision at 2438 m. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 2011; 82: 2-8.
54. Kottke R, Pichler Hefti J, Rummel C, Hauf M, Hefti U, Merz TM. Morphological Brain Changes after Climbing to Extreme Altitudes—A Prospective Cohort Study. PLOS ONE 2015; 10: e0141097.
55. Peacock AJ. ABC of oxygen: oxygen at high altitude. Bmj 1998; 317: 1063-6.
56. Loredo JS, Clausen JL, Nelesen RA, Ancoli-Israel S, Ziegler MG, Dimsdale JE. Obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension: are peripheral chemoreceptors involved? Med Hypotheses 2001; 56: 17-9.
57. Heusser K, Thöne A, Lipp A, Menne J, Beige J, Reuter H, Hoffmann F, Halbach M, Eckert S, Wallbach M, Koziolek M, Haarmann H, Joyner MJ, Paton JFR, Diedrich A, Haller H, Jordan J, Tank J. Efficacy of Electrical Baroreflex Activation Is Independent of Peripheral Chemoreceptor Modulation. Hypertension 2020; 75: 257-64.
58. Gerlach DA, Manuel J, Hoff A, Kronsbein H, Hoffmann F, Heusser K, Ehmke H, Jordan J, Tank J, Beissner F. Medullary and Hypothalamic Functional Magnetic Imaging During Acute Hypoxia in Tracing Human Peripheral Chemoreflex Responses. Hypertension 2021; 77: 1372-82.
59. Halliwill JR, Morgan BJ, Charkoudian N. Peripheral chemoreflex and baroreflex interactions in cardiovascular regulation in humans. J Physiol 2003; 552: 295-302.
60. Luo Z, Tian M, Yang G, Tan Q, Chen Y, Li G, Zhang Q, Li Y, Wan P, Wu J. Hypoxia signaling in human health and diseases: implications and prospects for therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7: 218.
61. Naeije R, Richter MJ, Rubin LJ. The physiological basis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. European Respiratory Journal 2022; 59: 2102334.
62. Lai YC, Potoka KC, Champion HC, Mora AL, Gladwin MT. Pulmonary arterial hypertension: the clinical syndrome. Circ Res 2014; 115: 115-30.
63. Humbert M, Kovacs G, Hoeper MM, Badagliacca R, Berger RMF, Brida M, Carlsen J, Coats AJS, Escribano-Subias P, Ferrari P, Ferreira DS, Ghofrani HA, Giannakoulas G, Kiely DG, Mayer E, Meszaros G, Nagavci B, Olsson KM, Pepke-Zaba J, Quint JK, Rådegran G, Simonneau G, Sitbon O, Tonia T, Toshner M, Vachiery JL, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Delcroix M, Rosenkranz S. 2022 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Heart J 2022; 43: 3618-731.
64. Agustí A. Systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: what we know and what we don’t know (but should). Proc Am Thorac Soc 2007; 4: 522-5.
65. Agustí A, Celli BR, Criner GJ, Halpin D, Anzueto A, Barnes P, Bourbeau J, Han MK, Martinez FJ, Montes de Oca M, Mortimer K, Papi A, Pavord I, Roche N, Salvi S, Sin DD, Singh D, Stockley R, López Varela MV, Wedzicha JA, Vogelmeier CF. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2023 Report: GOLD Executive Summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 207: 819-37.
66. Barberà JA, Roca J, Ferrer A, Félez MA, Díaz O, Roger N, Rodriguez-Roisin R. Mechanisms of worsening gas exchange during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The European respiratory journal 1997; 10: 1285-91.
67. Mikami Y, Grubb BR, Rogers TD, Dang H, Asakura T, Kota P, Gilmore RC, Okuda K, Morton LC, Sun L, Chen G, Wykoff JA, Ehre C, Vilar J, van Heusden C, Livraghi-Butrico A, Gentzsch M, Button B, Stutts MJ, Randell SH, O’Neal WK, Boucher RC. Chronic airway epithelial hypoxia exacerbates injury in muco-obstructive lung disease through mucus hyperconcentration. Science translational medicine 2023; 15: eabo7728.
68. Baloglu E, Nonnenmacher G, Seleninova A, Berg L, Velineni K, Ermis-Kaya E, Mairbäurl H. The role of hypoxia-induced modulation of alveolar epithelial Na(+)- transport in hypoxemia at high altitude. Pulm Circ 2020; 10: 50-58.
69. McNicholas WT. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea: overlaps in pathophysiology, systemic inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180: 692-700.
70. Tuleta I, Farrag T, Busse L, Pizarro C, Schaefer C, Pingel S, Nickenig G, Skowasch D, Schahab N. High prevalence of COPD in atherosclerosis patients. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12: 3047-53.
71. Mirabile VS, Shebl E, Sankari A, Burns B. Respiratory Failure. In: StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing
Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC., 2023.
72. Cukic V. The changes of arterial blood gases in COPD during four-year period. Med Arch 2014; 68: 14-8.
73. Gell LK, Vena D, Alex RM, Azarbarzin A, Calianese N, Hess LB, Taranto-Montemurro L, White DP, Wellman A, Sands SA. Neural ventilatory drive decline as a predominant mechanism of obstructive sleep apnoea events. Thorax 2022; 77: 707-16.
74. Peracaula M, Torres D, Poyatos P, Luque N, Rojas E, Obrador A, Orriols R, Tura-Ceide O. Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Risk in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review Article. Life (Basel) 2022; 12.
75. Dempsey JA, Veasey SC, Morgan BJ, O’Donnell CP. Pathophysiology of sleep apnea. Physiol Rev 2010; 90: 47-112.
76. Rojas-Córdova S, Torres-Fraga MG, Rodríguez-Reyes YG, Guerrero-Zúñiga S, Vázquez-García JC, Carrillo-Alduenda JL. Altitude and Breathing during Sleep in Healthy Persons and Sleep Disordered Patients: A Systematic Review. Sleep Sci 2023; 16: 117-26.
77. Mateika JH. A reminder that experimentally induced intermittent hypoxia is an incomplete model of obstructive sleep apnea and its outcome measures. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127: 1620-21.
78. Beaudin AE, Pun M, Yang C, Nicholl DD, Steinback CD, Slater DM, Wynne-Edwards KE, Hanly PJ, Ahmed SB, Poulin MJ. Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 differentially regulate blood pressure and cerebrovascular responses to acute and chronic intermittent hypoxia: implications for sleep apnea. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3: e000875.
79. Navarrete-Opazo A, Mitchell GS. Therapeutic potential of intermittent hypoxia: a matter of dose. American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 2014; 307: R1181-R81.
80. Younes M, Ostrowski M, Atkar R, Laprairie J, Siemens A, Hanly P. Mechanisms of breathing instability in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103: 1929-41.
81. Cutrer FM, Charles A. The neurogenic basis of migraine. Headache 2008; 48: 1411-4.
82. Pietrobon D, Striessnig J. Neurobiology of migraine. Nat Rev Neurosci 2003; 4: 386-98.
83. Broessner G, Rohregger J, Wille M, Lackner P, Ndayisaba JP, Burtscher M. Hypoxia triggers high-altitude headache with migraine features: A prospective trial. Cephalalgia 2016; 36: 765-71.
84. Wang M, Lan D, Dandu C, Ding Y, Ji X, Meng R. Normobaric oxygen may attenuate the headache in patients with patent foramen povale and migraine. BMC Neurol 2023; 23: 44.
85. Frank F, Faulhaber M, Messlinger K, Accinelli C, Peball M, Schiefecker A, Kaltseis K, Burtscher M, Broessner G. Migraine and aura triggered by normobaric hypoxia. Cephalalgia 2020; 40: 1561-73.
86. Arngrim N, Schytz HW, Britze J, Amin FM, Vestergaard MB, Hougaard A, Wolfram F, de Koning PJ, Olsen KS, Secher NH, Larsson HB, Olesen J, Ashina M. Migraine induced by hypoxia: an MRI spectroscopy and angiography study. Brain 2016; 139: 723-37.
87. Schoonman GG, Sándor PS, Agosti RM, Siccoli M, Bärtsch P, Ferrari MD, Baumgartner RW. Normobaric hypoxia and nitroglycerin as trigger factors for migraine. Cephalalgia 2006; 26: 816-9.
88. Sureda-Gibert P, Romero-Reyes M, Akerman S. Nitroglycerin as a model of migraine: Clinical and preclinical review. Neurobiol Pain 2022; 12: 100105.
89. Tfelt-Hansen PC, Koehler PJ. One hundred years of migraine research: major clinical and scientific observations from 1910 to 2010. Headache 2011; 51: 752-78.
90. Sonn J, Mayevsky A. Responses to Cortical Spreading Depression under Oxygen Deficiency. Open Neurol J 2012; 6: 6-17.
91. Aggarwal M, Puri V, Puri S. Serotonin and CGRP in migraine. Ann Neurosci 2012; 19: 88-94.
92. Andress-Rothrock D, King W, Rothrock J. An analysis of migraine triggers in a clinic-based population. Headache 2010; 50: 1366-70.
93. Genizi J, Halevy A, Schertz M, Osman K, Assaf N, Segal I, Srugo I, Kessel A, Engel-Yeger B. Sensory processing patterns affect headache severity among adolescents with migraine. The Journal of Headache and Pain 2020; 21: 48.
94. Donnelly S. Why is erythropoietin made in the kidney? The kidney functions as a critmeter. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38: 415-25.
95. Mannix ET, Dowdeswell I, Carlone S, Palange P, Aronoff GR, Farber MO. The effect of oxygen on sodium excretion in hypoxemic patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Chest 1990; 97: 840-4.
96. Kilburn KH, Dowell AR. Renal function in respiratory failure. Effects of hypoxia, hyperoxia, and hypercapnia. Arch Intern Med 1971; 127: 754-62.
97. Perticone M, Maio R, Scarpino PE, Mancuso L, Volpentesta M, Caroleo B, Suraci E, Sciacqua A, Sesti G, Perticone F. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Improves Renal Function in Obese Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8: 642086.
98. Bartsch P, Swenson ER, Paul A, Julg B, Hohenhaus E. Hypoxic ventilatory response, ventilation, gas exchange, and fluid balance in acute mountain sickness. High altitude medicine & biology 2002; 3: 361-76.
99. Bullen A, Liu ZZ, Hepokoski M, Li Y, Singh P. Renal Oxygenation and Hemodynamics in Kidney Injury. Nephron 2017; 137: 260-63.
100. Li H, Satriano J, Thomas JL, Miyamoto S, Sharma K, Pastor-Soler NM, Hallows KR, Singh P. Interactions between HIF-1α and AMPK in the regulation of cellular hypoxia adaptation in chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309: F414-28.
101. Wang B, Li ZL, Zhang YL, Wen Y, Gao YM, Liu BC. Hypoxia and chronic kidney disease. EBioMedicine 2022; 77: 103942.
102. Sedlacek M, Harlan NP, Buckey JC. Renal Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Study. International Journal of Nephrology 2021; 2021: 9992352.
103. Kruizinga MD, Stuurman FE, Exadaktylos V, Doll RJ, Stephenson DT, Groeneveld GJ, Driessen GJA, Cohen AF. Development of Novel, Value-Based, Digital Endpoints for Clinical Trials: A Structured Approach Toward Fit-for-Purpose Validation. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72: 899-909.
104. Clément G, Rittweger J, Nitsche A, Doering W, Frings-Meuthen P, Hand O, Frett T, Noppe A, Paulke F, Lecheler L, Jordan J, Stern C, Mulder E. Assessing the effects of artificial gravity in an analog of long-duration spaceflight: The protocol and implementation of the AGBRESA bed rest study. Front Physiol 2022; 13: 976926.
105. Burtscher M, Millet GP, Burtscher J. Hypoxia Conditioning for High-Altitude Pre-acclimatization. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise 2022; 4: 331-45.
106. Mallet RT, Burtscher J, Pialoux V, Pasha Q, Ahmad Y, Millet GP, Burtscher M. Molecular Mechanisms of High-Altitude Acclimatization. In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023.