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\begin{document}

\title{Impact of turbulence and blade surface degradation on the annual energy
production of small-scale wind turbines}



\author[1]{Ander Zarketa-Astigarraga}%
\author[2]{Markel Penalba}%
\author[2]{Alain Martin-Mayor}%
\author[2]{Manex Martinez-Agirre}%
\affil[1]{Mondragon Unibertsitatea}%
\affil[2]{Mondragon Goi Eskola Politeknikoa Jose Maria Arizmendiarrieta S Coop}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 18, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Small-scale horizontal axis wind-turbines (SHAWTs) are acquiring
relevance within the regulatory policies of the wind sector aiming at
net-zero-emissions, while reducing visual and environmental impact by
means of distributed grids. SHAWTs operate transitionally, at Reynolds
numbers that fall between 10\^{}5 \textless{} Re \textless{} 5\selectlanguage{ngerman}·10\^{}5.
Furthermore, environmental turbulence and roughness affect the energetic
outcome of the turbines. In this study, the combined effect of
turbulence and roughness is analysed via wind tunnel experiments upon a
transitionally-operating NACA0021 airfoil. The combined effects cause a
negative synergy, inducing higher drops in lift and efficiency values
than when considering the perturbing agents individually. Besides, such
losses are Reynolds-dependent, with higher numbers increasing the
difference between clean and real configurations, reaching efficiency
decrements above 60\% in the worst-case scenario. Thus, these
experimental measurements are employed for obtaining the power curves
and estimating the annual energy production (AEP) of a 7.8 kW-rated
SHAWT design by means of a BEM code. The simulations show a worst-case
scenario in which the AEP reduces above 70\% when compared to the
baseline configuration, with such a loss getting attenuated when a
pitch-regulated control is assumed. These results highlight the
relevance of performing tests that consider the joint effect of
turbulence and roughness.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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