REFERENCES
Aiello A, Farzaneh F, Candore G, Caruso C, Davinelli S, Gambino
CM, et al. (2019). Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to
Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for
Therapeutic Intervention. Front Immunol 10: 2247.
Alvarez JI, Kebir H, Cheslow L, Charabati M, Chabarati M, Larochelle
C, et al. (2015). JAML mediates monocyte and CD8 T cell migration
across the brain endothelium. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2:1032-1037.
Alves de Lima K, Rustenhoven J, Da Mesquita S, Wall M, Salvador AF,
Smirnov I, et al. (2020). Meningeal gammadelta T cells regulate
anxiety-like behavior via IL-17a signaling in neurons. Nat Immunol
21: 1421-1429.
Arcuri C, Mecca C, Giambanco I, & Donato R (2019). Parenchymal and
non-parenchymal immune cells in the brain: A critical role in regulating
CNS functions. Int J Dev Neurosci 77: 26-38.
Baird JK, Bourdette D, Meshul CK, & Quinn JF (2019). The key role of T
cells in Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis and therapy. Parkinsonism
Relat Disord 60: 25-31.
Banks WA, Reed MJ, Logsdon AF, Rhea EM, & Erickson MA (2021). Healthy
aging and the blood-brain barrier. Nat Aging 1: 243-254.
Batterman KV, Cabrera PE, Moore TL, & Rosene DL (2021). T Cells
Actively Infiltrate the White Matter of the Aging Monkey Brain in
Relation to Increased Microglial Reactivity and Cognitive Decline. Front
Immunol 12: 607691.
Blink SE, & Miller SD (2009). The contribution of gammadelta T cells to
the pathogenesis of EAE and MS. Curr Mol Med 9: 15-22.
Bonacina F, Coe D, Wang G, Longhi MP, Baragetti A, Moregola A, et
al. (2018). Myeloid apolipoprotein E controls dendritic cell antigen
presentation and T cell activation. Nat Commun 9: 3083.
Buckley MW, & McGavern DB (2022). Immune dynamics in the CNS and its
barriers during homeostasis and disease. Immunol Rev 306:58-75.
Cabbage SE, Huseby ES, Sather BD, Brabb T, Liggitt D, & Goverman J
(2007). Regulatory T cells maintain long-term tolerance to myelin basic
protein by inducing a novel, dynamic state of T cell tolerance. J
Immunol 178: 887-896.
Castro Dias M, Odriozola Quesada A, Soldati S, Bosch F, Gruber I,
Hildbrand T, et al. (2021). Brain endothelial tricellular
junctions as novel sites for T cell diapedesis across the blood-brain
barrier. J Cell Sci 134.
Chu HX, Kim HA, Lee S, Moore JP, Chan CT, Vinh A, et al. (2014).
Immune cell infiltration in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction:
comparison with transient cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab
34: 450-459.
Croese T, Castellani G, & Schwartz M (2021). Immune cell
compartmentalization for brain surveillance and protection. Nat Immunol
22: 1083-1092.
Cugurra A, Mamuladze T, Rustenhoven J, Dykstra T, Beroshvili G,
Greenberg ZJ, et al. (2021). Skull and vertebral bone marrow are
myeloid cell reservoirs for the meninges and CNS parenchyma. Science
373.
Dai L, & Shen Y (2021). Insights into T-cell dysfunction in Alzheimer’s
disease. Aging Cell 20: e13511.
de Graaf MT, Smitt PA, Luitwieler RL, van Velzen C, van den Broek PD,
Kraan J, et al. (2011). Central memory CD4+ T cells dominate the
normal cerebrospinal fluid. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 80: 43-50.
Decimo I, Fumagalli G, Berton V, Krampera M, & Bifari F (2012).
Meninges: from protective membrane to stem cell niche. Am J Stem Cells
28: 14.
Derecki NC, Cardani AN, Yang CH, Quinnies KM, Crihfield A, Lynch
KR, et al. (2010). Regulation of learning and memory by meningeal
immunity: a key role for IL-4. J Exp Med 207: 1067-1080.
Desdin-Mico G, Soto-Heredero G, Aranda JF, Oller J, Carrasco E,
Gabande-Rodriguez E, et al. (2020). T cells with dysfunctional
mitochondria induce multimorbidity and premature senescence. Science
368: 1371-1376.
Dolati S, Ahmadi M, Khalili M, Taheraghdam AA, Siahmansouri H, Babaloo
Z, et al. (2018). Peripheral Th17/Treg imbalance in elderly
patients with ischemic stroke. Neurol Sci 39: 647-654.
Dou Z, Rong X, Zhao E, Zhang L, & Lv Y (2019). Neuroprotection of
Resveratrol Against Focal Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice
Through a Mechanism Targeting Gut-Brain Axis. Cell Mol Neurobiol
39: 883-898.
Dulken BW, Buckley MT, Navarro Negredo P, Saligrama N, Cayrol R, Leeman
DS, et al. (2019). Single-cell analysis reveals T cell
infiltration in old neurogenic niches. Nature 571: 205-210.
Enamorado M, Kulalert W, Han SJ, Rao I, Delaleu J, Link VM, et
al. (2023). Immunity to the microbiota promotes sensory neuron
regeneration. Cell.
Erickson MA, & Banks WA (2019). Age-Associated Changes in the Immune
System and Blood(-)Brain Barrier Functions. Int J Mol Sci 20.
Faridar A, Thome AD, Zhao W, Thonhoff JR, Beers DR, Pascual B, et
al. (2020). Restoring regulatory T-cell dysfunction in Alzheimer’s
disease through ex vivo expansion. Brain Commun 2: fcaa112.
Filiano AJ, Xu Y, Tustison NJ, Marsh RL, Baker W, Smirnov I, et
al. (2016). Unexpected role of interferon-gamma in regulating neuronal
connectivity and social behaviour. Nature 535: 425-429.
Fisher Y, Nemirovsky A, Baron R, & Monsonego A (2010). T cells
specifically targeted to amyloid plaques enhance plaque clearance in a
mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One 5: e10830.
Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Morsiani C, Conte M, Santoro A, Grignolio
A, et al. (2018). The Continuum of Aging and Age-Related
Diseases: Common Mechanisms but Different Rates. Front Med (Lausanne)
5: 61.
Friese MA, & Fugger L (2005). Autoreactive CD8+ T cells in multiple
sclerosis: a new target for therapy? Brain 128: 1747-1763.
Frischer JM, Bramow S, Dal-Bianco A, Lucchinetti CF, Rauschka H,
Schmidbauer M, et al. (2009). The relation between inflammation
and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains. Brain 132:1175-1189.
Fung TC, Olson CA, & Hsiao EY (2017). Interactions between the
microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease. Nat
Neurosci 20: 145-155.
Gan Y, Liu Q, Wu W, Yin JX, Bai XF, Shen R, et al. (2014).
Ischemic neurons recruit natural killer cells that accelerate brain
infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111: 2704-2709.
Garfias S, Tamaya Dominguez B, Toledo Rojas A, Arroyo M, Rodriguez U,
Boll C, et al. (2019). Peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotypes in
Alzheimer and Parkinson’s diseases. Neurologia (Engl Ed).
Garretti F, Agalliu D, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sette A, & Sulzer D
(2019). Autoimmunity in Parkinson’s Disease: The Role of
alpha-Synuclein-Specific T Cells. Front Immunol 10: 303.
Gill D, Sivakumaran P, Aravind A, Tank A, Dosh R, & Veltkamp R (2018).
Temporal Trends in the Levels of Peripherally Circulating Leukocyte
Subtypes in the Hours after Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis
27: 198-202.
Glatigny S, Duhen R, Oukka M, & Bettelli E (2011). Cutting edge: loss
of alpha4 integrin expression differentially affects the homing of Th1
and Th17 cells. J Immunol 187: 6176-6179.
Goverman J, Perchellet A, & Huseby ES (2005). The role of CD8(+) T
cells in multiple sclerosis and its animal models. Curr Drug Targets
Inflamm Allergy 4: 239-245.
Huppert J, Closhen D, Croxford A, White R, Kulig P, Pietrowski E,
et al. (2010). Cellular mechanisms of IL-17-induced blood-brain barrier
disruption. FASEB J 24: 1023-1034.
Huseby ES, Liggitt D, Brabb T, Schnabel B, Ohlen C, & Goverman J
(2001). A pathogenic role for myelin-specific CD8(+) T cells in a model
for multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 194: 669-676.
Iellem Aea (2001). Unique Chemotactic Response Profile and Specific
Expression of Chemokine Receptors CCR4 and CCR8 by CD4CD25 Regulatory T
Cells. The Journal of experimental medicine 194: 7.
Ito M, Komai K, Mise-Omata S, Iizuka-Koga M, Noguchi Y, Kondo T,
et al. (2019). Brain regulatory T cells suppress astrogliosis and
potentiate neurological recovery. Nature 565: 246-250.
Jagger A, Shimojima Y, Goronzy JJ, & Weyand CM (2014). Regulatory T
cells and the immune aging process: a mini-review. Gerontology
60: 130-137.
Kang SS, Ahn EH, Liu X, Bryson M, Miller GW, Weinshenker D, et
al. (2021). ApoE4 inhibition of VMAT2 in the locus coeruleus
exacerbates Tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol
142: 139-158.
Kawakami N, & Flugel A (2010). Knocking at the brain’s door: intravital
two-photon imaging of autoreactive T cell interactions with CNS
structures. Semin Immunopathol 32: 275-287.
Kebir H, Kreymborg K, Ifergan I, Dodelet-Devillers A, Cayrol R, Bernard
M, et al. (2007). Human TH17 lymphocytes promote blood-brain
barrier disruption and central nervous system inflammation. Nat Med
13: 1173-1175.
Kivisakk P, Tucky B, Wei T, Campbell JJ, & Ransohoff RM (2006). Human
cerebrospinal fluid contains CD4+ memory T cells expressing gut- or
skin-specific trafficking determinants: relevance for immunotherapy. BMC
Immunol 7: 14.
Komiyama Y, Nakae S, Matsuki T, Nambu A, Ishigame H, Kakuta S, et
al. (2006). IL-17 plays an important role in the development of
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 177:566-573.
Lee D, Jo H, Go C, Jang Y, Chu N, Bae S, et al. (2022). The Roles
of IL-22 and Its Receptor in the Regulation of Inflammatory Responses in
the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 23.
Lees JR, Iwakura Y, & Russell JH (2008). Host T cells are the main
producers of IL-17 within the central nervous system during initiation
of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by adoptive
transfer of Th1 cell lines. J Immunol 180: 8066-8072.
Li N, Wang X, Sun C, Wu X, Lu M, Si Y, et al. (2019). Change of
intestinal microbiota in cerebral ischemic stroke patients. BMC
Microbiol 19: 191.
Liesz A, Suri-Payer E, Veltkamp C, Doerr H, Sommer C, Rivest S, et
al. (2009). Regulatory T cells are key cerebroprotective
immunomodulators in acute experimental stroke. Nat Med 15:192-199.
Liesz A, Zhou W, Mracsko E, Karcher S, Bauer H, Schwarting S, et
al. (2011). Inhibition of lymphocyte trafficking shields the brain
against deleterious neuroinflammation after stroke. Brain 134:704-720.
Lin T, Liu GA, Perez E, Rainer RD, Febo M, Cruz-Almeida Y, et al.(2018). Systemic Inflammation Mediates Age-Related Cognitive Deficits.
Front Aging Neurosci 10: 236.
Liu Q, Xin W, He P, Turner D, Yin J, Gan Y, et al. (2014).
Interleukin-17 inhibits adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Sci Rep
4: 7554.
Lopez-Otin C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, & Kroemer G (2013).
The hallmarks of aging. Cell 153: 1194-1217.
Louveau A, Smirnov I, Keyes TJ, Eccles JD, Rouhani SJ, Peske JD,
et al. (2015). Structural and functional features of central nervous
system lymphatic vessels. Nature 523: 337-341.
Mapunda JA, Tibar H, Regragui W, & Engelhardt B (2022). How Does the
Immune System Enter the Brain? Front Immunol 13: 805657.
Marchetti L, & Engelhardt B (2020). Immune cell trafficking across the
blood-brain barrier in the absence and presence of neuroinflammation.
Vasc Biol 2: H1-H18.
Marchetti L, Francisco D, Soldati S, Haghayegh Jahromi N, Barcos S,
Gruber I, et al. (2022). ACKR1 favors transcellular over
paracellular T-cell diapedesis across the blood-brain barrier in
neuroinflammation in vitro. Eur J Immunol 52: 161-177.
Matsuura S, Egi Y, Yuki S, Horikawa T, Satoh H, & Akira T (2011).
MP-124, a novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitor,
ameliorates ischemic brain damage in a non-human primate model. Brain
Res 1410: 122-131.
McGeachy MJ, Stephens LA, & Anderton SM (2005). Natural recovery and
protection from autoimmune encephalomyelitis: contribution of CD4+CD25+
regulatory cells within the central nervous system. J Immunol
175: 3025-3032.
Merlini M, Kirabali T, Kulic L, Nitsch RM, & Ferretti MT (2018).
Extravascular CD3+ T Cells in Brains of Alzheimer Disease Patients
Correlate with Tau but Not with Amyloid Pathology: An
Immunohistochemical Study. Neurodegener Dis 18: 49-56.
Mietelska-Porowska A, & Wojda U (2017). T Lymphocytes and Inflammatory
Mediators in the Interplay between Brain and Blood in Alzheimer’s
Disease: Potential Pools of New Biomarkers. J Immunol Res 2017:4626540.
Mittelbrunn M, & Kroemer G (2021). Hallmarks of T cell aging. Nat
Immunol 22: 687-698.
Mogilenko DA, Shpynov O, Andhey PS, Arthur L, Swain A, Esaulova E,
et al. (2021). Comprehensive Profiling of an Aging Immune System
Reveals Clonal GZMK(+) CD8(+) T Cells as Conserved Hallmark of
Inflammaging. Immunity 54: 99-115 e112.
Mrdjen D, Pavlovic A, Hartmann FJ, Schreiner B, Utz SG, Leung BP,
et al. (2018). High-Dimensional Single-Cell Mapping of Central Nervous
System Immune Cells Reveals Distinct Myeloid Subsets in Health, Aging,
and Disease. Immunity 48: 380-395 e386.
Mundt S, Greter M, Flugel A, & Becher B (2019). The CNS Immune
Landscape from the Viewpoint of a T Cell. Trends Neurosci 42:667-679.
Nelson PT, Head E, Schmitt FA, Davis PR, Neltner JH, Jicha GA, et
al. (2011). Alzheimer’s disease is not ”brain aging”:
neuropathological, genetic, and epidemiological human studies. Acta
Neuropathol 121: 571-587.
Norris GT, & Kipnis J (2019). Immune cells and CNS physiology:
Microglia and beyond. J Exp Med 216: 60-70.
Olofsson PS, Steinberg BE, Sobbi R, Cox MA, Ahmed MN, Oswald M, et
al. (2016). Blood pressure regulation by CD4(+) lymphocytes expressing
choline acetyltransferase. Nat Biotechnol 34: 1066-1071.
Piehl N, van Olst L, Ramakrishnan A, Teregulova V, Simonton B, Zhang
Z, et al. (2022). Cerebrospinal fluid immune dysregulation during
healthy brain aging and cognitive impairment. Cell 185:5028-5039 e5013.
Pilli D, Zou A, Tea F, Dale RC, & Brilot F (2017). Expanding Role of T
Cells in Human Autoimmune Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Front
Immunol 8: 652.
Ponomarev ED, & Dittel BN (2005). Gamma delta T cells regulate the
extent and duration of inflammation in the central nervous system by a
Fas ligand-dependent mechanism. J Immunol 174: 4678-4687.
Prinz M, Masuda T, Wheeler MA, & Quintana FJ (2021). Microglia and
Central Nervous System-Associated Macrophages-From Origin to Disease
Modulation. Annu Rev Immunol 39: 251-277.
Prinz M, & Priller J (2017). The role of peripheral immune cells in the
CNS in steady state and disease. Nat Neurosci 20: 136-144.
Qiu YM, Zhang CL, Chen AQ, Wang HL, Zhou YF, Li YN, et al.(2021). Immune Cells in the BBB Disruption After Acute Ischemic Stroke:
Targets for Immune Therapy? Front Immunol 12: 678744.
Ransohoff R (2016). How neuroinflammation contributes to
neurodegeneration. Science 353: 777 - 783.
Ransohoff RM, & Engelhardt B (2012). The anatomical and cellular basis
of immune surveillance in the central nervous system. Nat Rev Immunol
12: 623-635.
Rea IM, Gibson DS, McGilligan V, McNerlan SE, Alexander HD, & Ross OA
(2018). Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and
Cytokines. Front Immunol 9: 586.
Ribeiro M BC, Temido-Ferreira M, Pousinha PA, Regen T, Santa C, Coelho
JE, Marques-Morgado I, Valente CA, Omenetti S, Stockinger B, Waisman A,
Manadas B, Lopes LV, Silva-Santos B, Ribot JC (2019). Meningeal γδ T
cell-derived IL-17 controls synaptic plasticity and short-term memory.
Science Immunology 4: eaay5199.
Rodriguez IJ, Lalinde Ruiz N, Llano Leon M, Martinez Enriquez L,
Montilla Velasquez MDP, Ortiz Aguirre JP, et al. (2020).
Immunosenescence Study of T Cells: A Systematic Review. Front Immunol
11: 604591.
Rothhammer V, Heink S, Petermann F, Srivastava R, Claussen MC, Hemmer
B, et al. (2011). Th17 lymphocytes traffic to the central nervous
system independently of alpha4 integrin expression during EAE. J Exp Med
208: 2465-2476.
Rua R, & McGavern DB (2018). Advances in Meningeal Immunity. Trends Mol
Med 24: 542-559.
Ruhnau J, Schulze J, von Sarnowski B, Heinrich M, Langner S, Potschke
C, et al. (2016). Reduced Numbers and Impaired Function of
Regulatory T Cells in Peripheral Blood of Ischemic Stroke Patients.
Mediators Inflamm 2016: 2974605.
Rustenhoven J, Drieu A, Mamuladze T, de Lima KA, Dykstra T, Wall
M, et al. (2021). Functional characterization of the dural
sinuses as a neuroimmune interface. Cell 184: 1000-1016 e1027.
Salas-Perdomo A, Miro-Mur F, Gallizioli M, Brait VH, Justicia C,
Meissner A, et al. (2019). Role of the S1P pathway and inhibition
by fingolimod in preventing hemorrhagic transformation after stroke. Sci
Rep 9: 8309.
Sallusto F, Impellizzieri D, Basso C, Laroni A, Uccelli A, Lanzavecchia
A, et al. (2012). T-cell trafficking in the central nervous
system. Immunol Rev 248: 216-227.
Sanmarco LM, Polonio CM, Wheeler MA, & Quintana FJ (2021). Functional
immune cell-astrocyte interactions. J Exp Med 218.
Schmauck-Medina T, Moliere A, Lautrup S, Zhang J, Chlopicki S, Madsen
HB, et al. (2022). New hallmarks of ageing: a 2022 Copenhagen
ageing meeting summary. Aging (Albany NY) 14: 6829-6839.
Sonnen JA, Santa Cruz K, Hemmy LS, Woltjer R, Leverenz JB, Montine
KS, et al. (2011). Ecology of the aging human brain. Arch Neurol
68: 1049-1056.
Stephenson J, Nutma E, van der Valk P, & Amor S (2018). Inflammation in
CNS neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology 154: 204-219.
Stubbe T, Ebner F, Richter D, Engel O, Klehmet J, Royl G, et al.(2013). Regulatory T cells accumulate and proliferate in the ischemic
hemisphere for up to 30 days after MCAO. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab
33: 37-47.
Stuve O, Marra CM, Jerome KR, Cook L, Cravens PD, Cepok S, et al.(2006). Immune surveillance in multiple sclerosis patients treated with
natalizumab. Ann Neurol 59: 743-747.
Tennakoon DK, Mehta RS, Ortega SB, Bhoj V, Racke MK, & Karandikar NJ
(2006). Therapeutic induction of regulatory, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in
multiple sclerosis. J Immunol 176: 7119-7129.
Tzartos JS, Friese MA, Craner MJ, Palace J, Newcombe J, Esiri MM,
et al. (2008). Interleukin-17 production in central nervous
system-infiltrating T cells and glial cells is associated with active
disease in multiple sclerosis. Am J Pathol 172: 146-155.
Warnke C, Menge T, Hartung HP, Racke MK, Cravens PD, Bennett JL,
et al. (2010). Natalizumab and progressive multifocal
leukoencephalopathy: what are the causal factors and can it be avoided?
Arch Neurol 67: 923-930.
Warnke C, Olsson T, & Hartung HP (2015). PML: The Dark Side of
Immunotherapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 36:799-801.
Wisniewski T, & Goni F (2015). Immunotherapeutic approaches for
Alzheimer’s disease. Neuron 85: 1162-1176.
Wojkowska DW, Szpakowski P, & Glabinski A (2017). Interleukin 17A
Promotes Lymphocytes Adhesion and Induces CCL2 and CXCL1 Release from
Brain Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 18.
Yasuda K, Cline C, Vogel P, Onciu M, Fatima S, Sorrentino BP, et
al. (2013). Drug transporters on arachnoid barrier cells contribute to
the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Drug Metab Dispos 41:923-931.
Zhao D, Hou N, Cui M, Liu Y, Liang X, Zhuang X, et al. (2011).
Increased T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 positively correlate
with systemic IL-17 and TNF-alpha level in the acute phase of ischemic
stroke. J Clin Immunol 31: 719-727.