REFERENCES
Aiello A, Farzaneh F, Candore G, Caruso C, Davinelli S, Gambino CM, et al. (2019). Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Immunol 10: 2247.
Alvarez JI, Kebir H, Cheslow L, Charabati M, Chabarati M, Larochelle C, et al. (2015). JAML mediates monocyte and CD8 T cell migration across the brain endothelium. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2:1032-1037.
Alves de Lima K, Rustenhoven J, Da Mesquita S, Wall M, Salvador AF, Smirnov I, et al. (2020). Meningeal gammadelta T cells regulate anxiety-like behavior via IL-17a signaling in neurons. Nat Immunol 21: 1421-1429.
Arcuri C, Mecca C, Giambanco I, & Donato R (2019). Parenchymal and non-parenchymal immune cells in the brain: A critical role in regulating CNS functions. Int J Dev Neurosci 77: 26-38.
Baird JK, Bourdette D, Meshul CK, & Quinn JF (2019). The key role of T cells in Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis and therapy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 60: 25-31.
Banks WA, Reed MJ, Logsdon AF, Rhea EM, & Erickson MA (2021). Healthy aging and the blood-brain barrier. Nat Aging 1: 243-254.
Batterman KV, Cabrera PE, Moore TL, & Rosene DL (2021). T Cells Actively Infiltrate the White Matter of the Aging Monkey Brain in Relation to Increased Microglial Reactivity and Cognitive Decline. Front Immunol 12: 607691.
Blink SE, & Miller SD (2009). The contribution of gammadelta T cells to the pathogenesis of EAE and MS. Curr Mol Med 9: 15-22.
Bonacina F, Coe D, Wang G, Longhi MP, Baragetti A, Moregola A, et al. (2018). Myeloid apolipoprotein E controls dendritic cell antigen presentation and T cell activation. Nat Commun 9: 3083.
Buckley MW, & McGavern DB (2022). Immune dynamics in the CNS and its barriers during homeostasis and disease. Immunol Rev 306:58-75.
Cabbage SE, Huseby ES, Sather BD, Brabb T, Liggitt D, & Goverman J (2007). Regulatory T cells maintain long-term tolerance to myelin basic protein by inducing a novel, dynamic state of T cell tolerance. J Immunol 178: 887-896.
Castro Dias M, Odriozola Quesada A, Soldati S, Bosch F, Gruber I, Hildbrand T, et al. (2021). Brain endothelial tricellular junctions as novel sites for T cell diapedesis across the blood-brain barrier. J Cell Sci 134.
Chu HX, Kim HA, Lee S, Moore JP, Chan CT, Vinh A, et al. (2014). Immune cell infiltration in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: comparison with transient cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 34: 450-459.
Croese T, Castellani G, & Schwartz M (2021). Immune cell compartmentalization for brain surveillance and protection. Nat Immunol 22: 1083-1092.
Cugurra A, Mamuladze T, Rustenhoven J, Dykstra T, Beroshvili G, Greenberg ZJ, et al. (2021). Skull and vertebral bone marrow are myeloid cell reservoirs for the meninges and CNS parenchyma. Science 373.
Dai L, & Shen Y (2021). Insights into T-cell dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Aging Cell 20: e13511.
de Graaf MT, Smitt PA, Luitwieler RL, van Velzen C, van den Broek PD, Kraan J, et al. (2011). Central memory CD4+ T cells dominate the normal cerebrospinal fluid. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 80: 43-50.
Decimo I, Fumagalli G, Berton V, Krampera M, & Bifari F (2012). Meninges: from protective membrane to stem cell niche. Am J Stem Cells 28: 14.
Derecki NC, Cardani AN, Yang CH, Quinnies KM, Crihfield A, Lynch KR, et al. (2010). Regulation of learning and memory by meningeal immunity: a key role for IL-4. J Exp Med 207: 1067-1080.
Desdin-Mico G, Soto-Heredero G, Aranda JF, Oller J, Carrasco E, Gabande-Rodriguez E, et al. (2020). T cells with dysfunctional mitochondria induce multimorbidity and premature senescence. Science 368: 1371-1376.
Dolati S, Ahmadi M, Khalili M, Taheraghdam AA, Siahmansouri H, Babaloo Z, et al. (2018). Peripheral Th17/Treg imbalance in elderly patients with ischemic stroke. Neurol Sci 39: 647-654.
Dou Z, Rong X, Zhao E, Zhang L, & Lv Y (2019). Neuroprotection of Resveratrol Against Focal Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice Through a Mechanism Targeting Gut-Brain Axis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 39: 883-898.
Dulken BW, Buckley MT, Navarro Negredo P, Saligrama N, Cayrol R, Leeman DS, et al. (2019). Single-cell analysis reveals T cell infiltration in old neurogenic niches. Nature 571: 205-210.
Enamorado M, Kulalert W, Han SJ, Rao I, Delaleu J, Link VM, et al. (2023). Immunity to the microbiota promotes sensory neuron regeneration. Cell.
Erickson MA, & Banks WA (2019). Age-Associated Changes in the Immune System and Blood(-)Brain Barrier Functions. Int J Mol Sci 20.
Faridar A, Thome AD, Zhao W, Thonhoff JR, Beers DR, Pascual B, et al. (2020). Restoring regulatory T-cell dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease through ex vivo expansion. Brain Commun 2: fcaa112.
Filiano AJ, Xu Y, Tustison NJ, Marsh RL, Baker W, Smirnov I, et al. (2016). Unexpected role of interferon-gamma in regulating neuronal connectivity and social behaviour. Nature 535: 425-429.
Fisher Y, Nemirovsky A, Baron R, & Monsonego A (2010). T cells specifically targeted to amyloid plaques enhance plaque clearance in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One 5: e10830.
Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Morsiani C, Conte M, Santoro A, Grignolio A, et al. (2018). The Continuum of Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Common Mechanisms but Different Rates. Front Med (Lausanne) 5: 61.
Friese MA, & Fugger L (2005). Autoreactive CD8+ T cells in multiple sclerosis: a new target for therapy? Brain 128: 1747-1763.
Frischer JM, Bramow S, Dal-Bianco A, Lucchinetti CF, Rauschka H, Schmidbauer M, et al. (2009). The relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains. Brain 132:1175-1189.
Fung TC, Olson CA, & Hsiao EY (2017). Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease. Nat Neurosci 20: 145-155.
Gan Y, Liu Q, Wu W, Yin JX, Bai XF, Shen R, et al. (2014). Ischemic neurons recruit natural killer cells that accelerate brain infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111: 2704-2709.
Garfias S, Tamaya Dominguez B, Toledo Rojas A, Arroyo M, Rodriguez U, Boll C, et al. (2019). Peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotypes in Alzheimer and Parkinson’s diseases. Neurologia (Engl Ed).
Garretti F, Agalliu D, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sette A, & Sulzer D (2019). Autoimmunity in Parkinson’s Disease: The Role of alpha-Synuclein-Specific T Cells. Front Immunol 10: 303.
Gill D, Sivakumaran P, Aravind A, Tank A, Dosh R, & Veltkamp R (2018). Temporal Trends in the Levels of Peripherally Circulating Leukocyte Subtypes in the Hours after Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 27: 198-202.
Glatigny S, Duhen R, Oukka M, & Bettelli E (2011). Cutting edge: loss of alpha4 integrin expression differentially affects the homing of Th1 and Th17 cells. J Immunol 187: 6176-6179.
Goverman J, Perchellet A, & Huseby ES (2005). The role of CD8(+) T cells in multiple sclerosis and its animal models. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 4: 239-245.
Huppert J, Closhen D, Croxford A, White R, Kulig P, Pietrowski E, et al. (2010). Cellular mechanisms of IL-17-induced blood-brain barrier disruption. FASEB J 24: 1023-1034.
Huseby ES, Liggitt D, Brabb T, Schnabel B, Ohlen C, & Goverman J (2001). A pathogenic role for myelin-specific CD8(+) T cells in a model for multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 194: 669-676.
Iellem Aea (2001). Unique Chemotactic Response Profile and Specific Expression of Chemokine Receptors CCR4 and CCR8 by CD4CD25 Regulatory T Cells. The Journal of experimental medicine 194: 7.
Ito M, Komai K, Mise-Omata S, Iizuka-Koga M, Noguchi Y, Kondo T, et al. (2019). Brain regulatory T cells suppress astrogliosis and potentiate neurological recovery. Nature 565: 246-250.
Jagger A, Shimojima Y, Goronzy JJ, & Weyand CM (2014). Regulatory T cells and the immune aging process: a mini-review. Gerontology 60: 130-137.
Kang SS, Ahn EH, Liu X, Bryson M, Miller GW, Weinshenker D, et al. (2021). ApoE4 inhibition of VMAT2 in the locus coeruleus exacerbates Tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol 142: 139-158.
Kawakami N, & Flugel A (2010). Knocking at the brain’s door: intravital two-photon imaging of autoreactive T cell interactions with CNS structures. Semin Immunopathol 32: 275-287.
Kebir H, Kreymborg K, Ifergan I, Dodelet-Devillers A, Cayrol R, Bernard M, et al. (2007). Human TH17 lymphocytes promote blood-brain barrier disruption and central nervous system inflammation. Nat Med 13: 1173-1175.
Kivisakk P, Tucky B, Wei T, Campbell JJ, & Ransohoff RM (2006). Human cerebrospinal fluid contains CD4+ memory T cells expressing gut- or skin-specific trafficking determinants: relevance for immunotherapy. BMC Immunol 7: 14.
Komiyama Y, Nakae S, Matsuki T, Nambu A, Ishigame H, Kakuta S, et al. (2006). IL-17 plays an important role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 177:566-573.
Lee D, Jo H, Go C, Jang Y, Chu N, Bae S, et al. (2022). The Roles of IL-22 and Its Receptor in the Regulation of Inflammatory Responses in the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 23.
Lees JR, Iwakura Y, & Russell JH (2008). Host T cells are the main producers of IL-17 within the central nervous system during initiation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by adoptive transfer of Th1 cell lines. J Immunol 180: 8066-8072.
Li N, Wang X, Sun C, Wu X, Lu M, Si Y, et al. (2019). Change of intestinal microbiota in cerebral ischemic stroke patients. BMC Microbiol 19: 191.
Liesz A, Suri-Payer E, Veltkamp C, Doerr H, Sommer C, Rivest S, et al. (2009). Regulatory T cells are key cerebroprotective immunomodulators in acute experimental stroke. Nat Med 15:192-199.
Liesz A, Zhou W, Mracsko E, Karcher S, Bauer H, Schwarting S, et al. (2011). Inhibition of lymphocyte trafficking shields the brain against deleterious neuroinflammation after stroke. Brain 134:704-720.
Lin T, Liu GA, Perez E, Rainer RD, Febo M, Cruz-Almeida Y, et al.(2018). Systemic Inflammation Mediates Age-Related Cognitive Deficits. Front Aging Neurosci 10: 236.
Liu Q, Xin W, He P, Turner D, Yin J, Gan Y, et al. (2014). Interleukin-17 inhibits adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Sci Rep 4: 7554.
Lopez-Otin C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, & Kroemer G (2013). The hallmarks of aging. Cell 153: 1194-1217.
Louveau A, Smirnov I, Keyes TJ, Eccles JD, Rouhani SJ, Peske JD, et al. (2015). Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. Nature 523: 337-341.
Mapunda JA, Tibar H, Regragui W, & Engelhardt B (2022). How Does the Immune System Enter the Brain? Front Immunol 13: 805657.
Marchetti L, & Engelhardt B (2020). Immune cell trafficking across the blood-brain barrier in the absence and presence of neuroinflammation. Vasc Biol 2: H1-H18.
Marchetti L, Francisco D, Soldati S, Haghayegh Jahromi N, Barcos S, Gruber I, et al. (2022). ACKR1 favors transcellular over paracellular T-cell diapedesis across the blood-brain barrier in neuroinflammation in vitro. Eur J Immunol 52: 161-177.
Matsuura S, Egi Y, Yuki S, Horikawa T, Satoh H, & Akira T (2011). MP-124, a novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitor, ameliorates ischemic brain damage in a non-human primate model. Brain Res 1410: 122-131.
McGeachy MJ, Stephens LA, & Anderton SM (2005). Natural recovery and protection from autoimmune encephalomyelitis: contribution of CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells within the central nervous system. J Immunol 175: 3025-3032.
Merlini M, Kirabali T, Kulic L, Nitsch RM, & Ferretti MT (2018). Extravascular CD3+ T Cells in Brains of Alzheimer Disease Patients Correlate with Tau but Not with Amyloid Pathology: An Immunohistochemical Study. Neurodegener Dis 18: 49-56.
Mietelska-Porowska A, & Wojda U (2017). T Lymphocytes and Inflammatory Mediators in the Interplay between Brain and Blood in Alzheimer’s Disease: Potential Pools of New Biomarkers. J Immunol Res 2017:4626540.
Mittelbrunn M, & Kroemer G (2021). Hallmarks of T cell aging. Nat Immunol 22: 687-698.
Mogilenko DA, Shpynov O, Andhey PS, Arthur L, Swain A, Esaulova E, et al. (2021). Comprehensive Profiling of an Aging Immune System Reveals Clonal GZMK(+) CD8(+) T Cells as Conserved Hallmark of Inflammaging. Immunity 54: 99-115 e112.
Mrdjen D, Pavlovic A, Hartmann FJ, Schreiner B, Utz SG, Leung BP, et al. (2018). High-Dimensional Single-Cell Mapping of Central Nervous System Immune Cells Reveals Distinct Myeloid Subsets in Health, Aging, and Disease. Immunity 48: 380-395 e386.
Mundt S, Greter M, Flugel A, & Becher B (2019). The CNS Immune Landscape from the Viewpoint of a T Cell. Trends Neurosci 42:667-679.
Nelson PT, Head E, Schmitt FA, Davis PR, Neltner JH, Jicha GA, et al. (2011). Alzheimer’s disease is not ”brain aging”: neuropathological, genetic, and epidemiological human studies. Acta Neuropathol 121: 571-587.
Norris GT, & Kipnis J (2019). Immune cells and CNS physiology: Microglia and beyond. J Exp Med 216: 60-70.
Olofsson PS, Steinberg BE, Sobbi R, Cox MA, Ahmed MN, Oswald M, et al. (2016). Blood pressure regulation by CD4(+) lymphocytes expressing choline acetyltransferase. Nat Biotechnol 34: 1066-1071.
Piehl N, van Olst L, Ramakrishnan A, Teregulova V, Simonton B, Zhang Z, et al. (2022). Cerebrospinal fluid immune dysregulation during healthy brain aging and cognitive impairment. Cell 185:5028-5039 e5013.
Pilli D, Zou A, Tea F, Dale RC, & Brilot F (2017). Expanding Role of T Cells in Human Autoimmune Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 8: 652.
Ponomarev ED, & Dittel BN (2005). Gamma delta T cells regulate the extent and duration of inflammation in the central nervous system by a Fas ligand-dependent mechanism. J Immunol 174: 4678-4687.
Prinz M, Masuda T, Wheeler MA, & Quintana FJ (2021). Microglia and Central Nervous System-Associated Macrophages-From Origin to Disease Modulation. Annu Rev Immunol 39: 251-277.
Prinz M, & Priller J (2017). The role of peripheral immune cells in the CNS in steady state and disease. Nat Neurosci 20: 136-144.
Qiu YM, Zhang CL, Chen AQ, Wang HL, Zhou YF, Li YN, et al.(2021). Immune Cells in the BBB Disruption After Acute Ischemic Stroke: Targets for Immune Therapy? Front Immunol 12: 678744.
Ransohoff R (2016). How neuroinflammation contributes to neurodegeneration. Science 353: 777 - 783.
Ransohoff RM, & Engelhardt B (2012). The anatomical and cellular basis of immune surveillance in the central nervous system. Nat Rev Immunol 12: 623-635.
Rea IM, Gibson DS, McGilligan V, McNerlan SE, Alexander HD, & Ross OA (2018). Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines. Front Immunol 9: 586.
Ribeiro M BC, Temido-Ferreira M, Pousinha PA, Regen T, Santa C, Coelho JE, Marques-Morgado I, Valente CA, Omenetti S, Stockinger B, Waisman A, Manadas B, Lopes LV, Silva-Santos B, Ribot JC (2019). Meningeal γδ T cell-derived IL-17 controls synaptic plasticity and short-term memory. Science Immunology 4: eaay5199.
Rodriguez IJ, Lalinde Ruiz N, Llano Leon M, Martinez Enriquez L, Montilla Velasquez MDP, Ortiz Aguirre JP, et al. (2020). Immunosenescence Study of T Cells: A Systematic Review. Front Immunol 11: 604591.
Rothhammer V, Heink S, Petermann F, Srivastava R, Claussen MC, Hemmer B, et al. (2011). Th17 lymphocytes traffic to the central nervous system independently of alpha4 integrin expression during EAE. J Exp Med 208: 2465-2476.
Rua R, & McGavern DB (2018). Advances in Meningeal Immunity. Trends Mol Med 24: 542-559.
Ruhnau J, Schulze J, von Sarnowski B, Heinrich M, Langner S, Potschke C, et al. (2016). Reduced Numbers and Impaired Function of Regulatory T Cells in Peripheral Blood of Ischemic Stroke Patients. Mediators Inflamm 2016: 2974605.
Rustenhoven J, Drieu A, Mamuladze T, de Lima KA, Dykstra T, Wall M, et al. (2021). Functional characterization of the dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface. Cell 184: 1000-1016 e1027.
Salas-Perdomo A, Miro-Mur F, Gallizioli M, Brait VH, Justicia C, Meissner A, et al. (2019). Role of the S1P pathway and inhibition by fingolimod in preventing hemorrhagic transformation after stroke. Sci Rep 9: 8309.
Sallusto F, Impellizzieri D, Basso C, Laroni A, Uccelli A, Lanzavecchia A, et al. (2012). T-cell trafficking in the central nervous system. Immunol Rev 248: 216-227.
Sanmarco LM, Polonio CM, Wheeler MA, & Quintana FJ (2021). Functional immune cell-astrocyte interactions. J Exp Med 218.
Schmauck-Medina T, Moliere A, Lautrup S, Zhang J, Chlopicki S, Madsen HB, et al. (2022). New hallmarks of ageing: a 2022 Copenhagen ageing meeting summary. Aging (Albany NY) 14: 6829-6839.
Sonnen JA, Santa Cruz K, Hemmy LS, Woltjer R, Leverenz JB, Montine KS, et al. (2011). Ecology of the aging human brain. Arch Neurol 68: 1049-1056.
Stephenson J, Nutma E, van der Valk P, & Amor S (2018). Inflammation in CNS neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology 154: 204-219.
Stubbe T, Ebner F, Richter D, Engel O, Klehmet J, Royl G, et al.(2013). Regulatory T cells accumulate and proliferate in the ischemic hemisphere for up to 30 days after MCAO. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 33: 37-47.
Stuve O, Marra CM, Jerome KR, Cook L, Cravens PD, Cepok S, et al.(2006). Immune surveillance in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab. Ann Neurol 59: 743-747.
Tennakoon DK, Mehta RS, Ortega SB, Bhoj V, Racke MK, & Karandikar NJ (2006). Therapeutic induction of regulatory, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in multiple sclerosis. J Immunol 176: 7119-7129.
Tzartos JS, Friese MA, Craner MJ, Palace J, Newcombe J, Esiri MM, et al. (2008). Interleukin-17 production in central nervous system-infiltrating T cells and glial cells is associated with active disease in multiple sclerosis. Am J Pathol 172: 146-155.
Warnke C, Menge T, Hartung HP, Racke MK, Cravens PD, Bennett JL, et al. (2010). Natalizumab and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: what are the causal factors and can it be avoided? Arch Neurol 67: 923-930.
Warnke C, Olsson T, & Hartung HP (2015). PML: The Dark Side of Immunotherapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 36:799-801.
Wisniewski T, & Goni F (2015). Immunotherapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease. Neuron 85: 1162-1176.
Wojkowska DW, Szpakowski P, & Glabinski A (2017). Interleukin 17A Promotes Lymphocytes Adhesion and Induces CCL2 and CXCL1 Release from Brain Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 18.
Yasuda K, Cline C, Vogel P, Onciu M, Fatima S, Sorrentino BP, et al. (2013). Drug transporters on arachnoid barrier cells contribute to the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Drug Metab Dispos 41:923-931.
Zhao D, Hou N, Cui M, Liu Y, Liang X, Zhuang X, et al. (2011). Increased T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 positively correlate with systemic IL-17 and TNF-alpha level in the acute phase of ischemic stroke. J Clin Immunol 31: 719-727.