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\begin{document}

\title{Upcycled Synthesis and Extraction of Carbon-Encapsulated Iron Carbide
Nanoparticles for Gap Plasmon Applications in Perovskite Solar Cells}



\author[1]{Jiye Han}%
\author[1]{Kyusun Kim}%
\author[2]{Mohammad Tavakkoli}%
\author[3]{Jongmin Lee}%
\author[4]{Dawoon Kim}%
\author[4]{In Chung}%
\author[5]{Aram Lee}%
\author[1]{Keonwoo Park}%
\author[2]{Yongping Liao}%
\author[1]{Jin-Wook Lee}%
\author[5]{Seoung-Ki Lee}%
\author[6]{Jin-Woo Oh}%
\author[7]{Hyokyung Sung}%
\author[2]{Esko Kauppinen}%
\author[1]{IL JEON}%
\affil[1]{Sungkyunkwan University}%
\affil[2]{Aalto University School of Science}%
\affil[3]{Hallym University}%
\affil[4]{Seoul National University}%
\affil[5]{Korea Institute of Science and Technology}%
\affil[6]{Pusan National University}%
\affil[7]{Kookmin University}%


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  \date{June 17, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
An effective method for obtaining large amounts of metal nanoparticles
encapsulated by carbon layers through upcycling from floating-catalyst
aerosol chemical vapor deposited carbon nanotubes is demonstrated.
Nanoparticles with diameters of less than 20 \selectlanguage{greek}µ\selectlanguage{english}m are selectively
extracted from the synthesized carbon assortments through sonication,
centrifugation, and filtration. The particles show an aggregation
behavior owing to the \selectlanguage{greek}π--π \selectlanguage{english}interaction between the graphitic carbon
shells surrounding the iron carbides. By controlling the degree of the
aggregation and arrangement, the light scattering by the gap-surface
plasmon effect in perovskite solar cells is maximized. Application of
the nanoparticles to the devices increased the power conversion
efficiency from 19.71\% to 21.15\%. The short-circuit current density
(JSC) trend over the particle aggregation time accounts for the
plasmonic effect. The devices show high stability analogue to the
control devices, confirming that no metal-ion migration took place
thanks to the encapsulation.%
\end{abstract}%



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