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\begin{document}

\title{Vital rates contribute differently to impacts of competition on
population growth}



\author[1]{Shengman Lyu}%
\author[1]{Jake Alexander}%
\affil[1]{ETH Zürich}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 18, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Competition is among the most important factors regulating plant
population and community dynamics, but it is not well understood how
different vital rates respond to competition and jointly mediate
competitive population dynamics and species coexistence. We used
integral projection models (IPMs) to model the population growth of 112
pairwise combinations of 14 competing herbaceous plant species across an
elevation gradient (n = 324 IPM models in total). We showed that the
response of individual growth and seedling establishment contributed
most strongly to competition-induced declines in population growth
compared to survival, flowering probability and fecundity that
frequently showed complementary responses that occurred in 92\% of
species pairs. Complementary responses significantly promoted population
growth under competition by 22\% on average and strengthened species
coexistence. Our study emphasises the need to investigate demographic
processes to better understand competitive population dynamics and
species coexistence.%
\end{abstract}%



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