Eligibility Criteria
Eligibility criteria were developed for each clinical practice using PICO elements (Supplemental Digital File 2) by the steering committee including orthopaedic surgeons, a spine surgeon, a trauma team leader, a trauma nurse practitioner, and a trauma care coordinator, all practicing in level I trauma centers. Post-treatment diagnostic interventions and consultations originally targeted specific fractures (e.g. isolated closed Mason-Johnson type 1 radial head/neck fracture, non-displaced and minimally displaced fractures). However, upon consultation of the literature that provided information on many other types of fractures, we decided to expand our inclusion criteria for these practices (Supplemental Digital File 3). Using rapid review methodology15, we applied successive inclusion criteria using recognized levels of evidence based on study type, i.e. systematic reviews, RCTs, prospective observational, retrospective observational, and case series. We did not use study quality as an eligibility criterion because of the low quality of studies overall. No restrictions on date or language were applied.