References
1. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma Leadership.National trauma Databank 2016 annual report, 2016.
2. Miller TR, Lestina DC. Patterns in US medical expenditures and utilization for injury, 1987. Am J Public Health1996;86(1):89-93.
3. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Cost of injury care . 2017.
4. Berwick DM. Avoiding overuse-the next quality frontier. Lancet2017;390(10090):102-4.
5. Berwick DM, Hackbarth AD. Eliminating waste in US health care.JAMA 2012;307(14):1513-6.
6. Brownlee S, Chalkidou K, Doust J, et al. Evidence for overuse of medical services around the world. Lancet 2017;390(10090):156-68.
7. Saini V, Brownlee S, Elshaug AG, Glasziou P, Heath I. Addressing overuse and underuse around the world. Lancet2017;390(10090):105-7.
8. Morgan DJ, Dhruva SS, Coon ER, Wright SM, Korenstein D. 2017 Update on Medical Overuse: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med2018;178(1):110-5.
9. Reilly BM, Evans AT. Much ado about (doing) nothing. Ann Intern Med 2009;150(4):270-1.
10. Chassin MR, Galvin RW. The urgent need to improve health care quality. Institute of Medicine National Roundtable on Health Care Quality. JAMA 1998;280(11):1000-5.
11. Cassel CK, Guest JA. Choosing wisely: helping physicians and patients make smart decisions about their care. JAMA2012;307(17):1801-2.
12. Moore L, Lauzier F, Tardif PA, et al. Low-value clinical practices in injury care: A scoping review and expert consultation survey. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2019;86(6):983-93.
13. Bérubé M, Moore L, Leduc S, et al. Low-value injury care in the adult orthopaedic trauma population: a protocol for a rapid review.BMJ Open 2020;10(3):e033453.
14. Tricco AC, Antony J, Zarin W, et al. A scoping review of rapid review methods. BMC Med 2015;13:224.
15. Tricco AC LE, Straus SE. Rapid Reviews to Strengthen Health Policy and Systems: A Practical Guide . Geneva, Switzerland, 2017. Contract No.: CC BY-NC-SA3.0 IGO.
16. Higgins J TS. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6. , 2019.
17. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement.Syst Rev 2015;4(1):1.
18. Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ 2017;358:j4008.
19. Moola S MZ, Tufanaru C, Aromataris E, et al. Chapter 7: Systematic reviews of etiology and risk. In: Aromataris E NZ, ed., Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer’s Manual: The Joanna Briggs Institute , 2017.
20. Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2019;366:l4898.
21. Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions.BMJ 2016;355:i4919.
22. Alazzawi S, De Rover WB, Leary T, Hallam PJ. Patients undergoing blood tests before minor/moderate trauma surgery: a retrospective review. JRSM Short Rep 2012;3(6):39.
23. Alcala-Cerra G, Paternina-Caicedo AJ, Diaz-Becerra C, Moscote-Salazar LR, Fernandes-Joaquim A. Orthosis for thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurologic deficit: A systematic review of prospective randomized controlled trials. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine 2014;5(1):25-32.
24. Anderson PA, Muchow RD, Munoz A, Tontz WL, Resnick DK. Clearance of the asymptomatic cervical spine: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Trauma2010;24(2):100-6.
25. Bachmann LM, Haberzeth S, Steurer J, ter Riet G. The accuracy of the Ottawa knee rule to rule out knee fractures: a systematic review.Ann Intern Med 2004;140(2):121-4.
26. Bachmann LM, Kolb E, Koller MT, Steurer J, ter Riet G. Accuracy of Ottawa ankle rules to exclude fractures of the ankle and mid-foot: systematic review. BMJ 2003;326(7386):417.
27. Bailey CS, Urquhart JC, Dvorak MF, et al. Orthosis versus no orthosis for the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurologic injury: a multicenter prospective randomized equivalence trial. Spine J 2014;14(11):2557-64.
28. Barelds I, Krijnen WP, van de Leur JP, van der Schans CP, Goddard RJ. Diagnostic Accuracy of Clinical Decision Rules to Exclude Fractures in Acute Ankle Injuries: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Emerg Med 2017;53(3):353-68.
29. Beckenkamp PR, Lin CC, Macaskill P, Michaleff ZA, Maher CG, Moseley AM. Diagnostic accuracy of the Ottawa Ankle and Midfoot Rules: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med2017;51(6):504-10.
30. Boulter JH, Lovasik BP, Baum GR, et al. Implications of Isolated Transverse Process Fractures: Is Spine Service Consultation Necessary?World Neurosurg 2016;95:285-91.
31. Braakman M, Verburg AD, Oderwald EE. Are routine radiographs during conservative treatment of fractures of the fourth and fifth metacarpals useful? Acta Orthop Belg 1996;62(3):151-5.
32. Bradley LH, Paullus WC, Howe J, Litofsky NS. Isolated transverse process fractures: spine service management not needed. J Trauma2008;65(4):832-6; discussion 6.
33. Burton KR, Mellema JJ, Menendez ME, Ring D, Chen NC. The yield of subsequent radiographs during nonoperative treatment of radial head and neck fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2016;25(8):1216-22.
34. Chaudhry S, DelSole EM, Egol KA. Post-splinting radiographs of minimally displaced fractures: good medicine or medicolegal protection?J Bone Joint Surg Am 2012;94(17):e128.
35. Cheung TC, Tank Y, Breederveld RS, Tuinebreijer WE, de Lange-de Klerk ES, Derksen RJ. Diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility of the Ottawa Knee Rule vs the Pittsburgh Decision Rule. Am J Emerg Med2013;31(4):641-5.
36. Cooney AD, Campbell AC. Do check X-rays influence the management of patients who have undergone hip fracture fixation using image intensifier guidance? Injury 2006;37(8):763-7.
37. Denver D, Shetty A, Unwin D. Falls and Implementation of NEXUS in the Elderly (The FINE Study). J Emerg Med 2015;49(3):294-300.
38. Duggan SM, Tillotson L, McCann PA. Routine Laboratory Tests in Adult Trauma: Are they Necessary? The Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 2011;93(7):266-72.
39. Dunn JC, Kusnezov N, Orr JD, Pallis M, Mitchell JS. The Boxer’s Fracture: Splint Immobilization Is Not Necessary. Orthopedics2016;39(3):188-92.
40. Eyler Y, Sever M, Turgut A, et al. The evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of wrist examination findings for predicting fractures.Am J Emerg Med 2018;36(3):425-9.
41. Fenoglio AK, Stephens AR, Zhang C, Presson AP, Tyser AR, Kazmers NH. Evaluating the Utility of Follow-up Radiographs for Isolated Radial Head Fractures Undergoing Initial Nonoperative Treatment. J Orthop Trauma 2019;33(8):e291-e5.
42. Finger A, Teunis T, Hageman MG, Thornton ER, Neuhaus V, Ring D. Do patients prefer optional follow-up for simple upper extremity fractures: A pilot study. Injury 2016;47(10):2276-82.
43. Haddad FS, Williams RL, Prendergast CM. The check X-ray: an unnecessary investigation after hip fracture fixation? Injury1996;27(5):351-2.
44. Halonen LM, Vasara H, Stenroos A, Kosola J. Routine follow-up is unnecessary after intramedullary fixation of trochanteric femoral fractures-Analysis of 995 cases. Injury 2020;51(6):1343-5.
45. Harish S, Vince AS, Patel AD. Routine radiography following ankle fracture fixation: a case for limiting its use. Injury1999;30(10):699-701.
46. Heckmann N, Dusch MN, Pannell WC, Bauschard M, Alluri RK, Sivasundaram L, et al. The Utility of Plain Films for Nonoperative Fifth Metacarpal Fractures: Are Follow-up Radiographs Necessary? Hand (N Y) 2018;13(6):646-51.
47. Huffaker S, Earp BE, Blazar PE. The value of post-operative radiographs in clinical management of AO type A distal radius fractures.J Hand Surg Eur 2015;40(8):790-5.
48. Jacxsens M, Schmid J, Zdravkovic V, Jost B, Spross C. Is serial radiological evaluation of one-part proximal humeral fractures necessary? Bone Joint J 2019;101-B(10):1307-12.
49. Jayaram PR, Bhattacharyya R, Jenkins PJ, Anthony I, Rymaszewski LA. A new ”virtual” patient pathway for the management of radial head and neck fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2014;23(3):297-301.
50. Jennewine B, Fiorino D, Kew M, Byrne A, Yarboro S. Routine postoperative radiographs after tibia plateau fixation have minimal impact on patient care. Injury 2019;50(11):2093-6.
51. Jenny JY, Boeri C, El Amrani H, Dosch JC, Dupuis M, Moussaoui A, et al. Should plain X-rays be routinely performed after blunt knee trauma? A prospective analysis. J Trauma 2005;58(6):1179-82.
52. Johnson SP, Chung KC, Zhong L, Sears ED, Waljee JF. Use of Postoperative Radiographs following Operative Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016;138(6):1255-63.
53. Jonckheer P, Willems T, De Ridder R, et al. Evaluating fracture risk in acute ankle sprains: Any news since the Ottawa Ankle Rules? A systematic review. Eur J Gen Pract 2016;22(1):31-41.
54. Karaca Y, Turkmen S, Cansu A, et al. A study to develop clinical decision rules for the use of radiography in wrist trauma: Karadeniz wrist rules. Am J Emerg Med 2016;34(11):2074-8.
55. Kelson T, Davidson R, Baker T. Early MRI versus conventional management in the detection of occult scaphoid fractures: what does it really cost? A rural pilot study. J Med Radiat Sci2016;63(1):9-16.
56. Kuorikoski JM, Soderlund TP. Evaluation of a routine follow-up visit after an internal fixation of proximal femoral fracture. Injury2017;48(2):432-5.
57. Kurup HV, Michael ALR, Beaumont AR. The need for routine postoperative radiographs in hip fracture fixation: an audit-based approach. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology2008;18(4):265-7.
58. McDonald MR, Bulka CM, Thakore RV, et al. Ankle radiographs in the early postoperative period: do they matter? J Orthop Trauma2014;28(9):538-41.
59. Michaleff ZA, Maher CG, Verhagen AP, Rebbeck T, Lin CW. Accuracy of the Canadian C-spine rule and NEXUS to screen for clinically important cervical spine injury in patients following blunt trauma: a systematic review. CMAJ 2012;184(16):E867-76.
60. Miniaci-Coxhead SL, Martin EA, Ketz JP. Quality and Utility of Immediate Formal Postoperative Radiographs in Ankle Fractures.Foot Ankle Int 2015;36(10):1196-201.
61. Nagar M, Forrest N, Maceachern CF. Utility of follow-up radiographs in conservatively managed acute fifth metatarsal fractures. Foot (Edinb) 2014;24(1):17-20.
62. Oehme F, Link BC, Frima H, Schepers T, Rhemrev SJ, Babst R, et al. Is there a need for standardized postoperative radiographs after operative treatment of wrist or ankle fractures? Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2019;45(6):1039-44.
63. Ovaska MT, Nuutinen T, Madanat R, Makinen TJ, Soderlund T. The role of outpatient visit after operative treatment of ankle fractures.Injury 2016;47(11):2575-8.
64. Pannell WC, Alluri RK, Sivasundaram L, Heckmann N, Ghiassi A. Utility of Postoperative Imaging in Radial Shaft Fractures. Hand (N Y) 2016;11(2):184-7.
65. Patel NK, Davies N, Mirza Z, Watson M. Cost and clinical effectiveness of MRI in occult scaphoid fractures: a randomised controlled trial. Emerg Med J 2013;30(3):202-7.
66. Phelps K, Coleman M, Seymour R, Bosse M. Utility of Routine Postoperative Radiographs After Fixation of Lower Extremity Fractures.J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2018;26(22):799-808.
67. Piazza M, Sinha S, Agarwal P, et al. Post-operative bracing after pedicle screw fixation for thoracolumbar burst fractures: A cost-effectiveness study. J Clin Neurosci 2017;45:33-9.
68. Robertson A, Sutherland M, Keating JF. Intramedullary nailing of tibial fractures: how often are post-operative radiographs needed?J R Coll Surg Edinb 2000;45(4):220-2.
69. Sahin E, Kalem M. Utility of Third-Week Postoperative Radiographs in the Management of Ankle Fractures. Foot Ankle Spec2018:1938640017751188.
70. Sanchez Morales D, Borade A, Serrano-Riera R, Maniar HH, Sanders RW, Horwitz DS. Potential Economic Benefits of Limited Clinical and Radiographic Follow-up After Plate Fixation of Midshaft Clavicle Fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2019;27(11):405-9.
71. Schuld JC, Volker ML, Anderson SA, Zwank MD. Postsplinting x-rays of nondisplaced hand, wrist, ankle, and foot fractures are unnecessary.Am J Emerg Med 2016;34(8):1625-6.
72. Segal D, Palmanovich E, Faour A, et al. Routine early post-operative X-ray following internal fixation of intertrochanteric femoral fractures is unjustified: a quality improvement study. J Orthop Surg Res2018;13(1):189.
73. Shamji MF, Roffey DM, Young DK, Reindl R, Wai EK. A pilot evaluation of the role of bracing in stable thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurological deficit. J Spinal Disord Tech 2014;27(7):370-5.
74. Sharma V, Witney-Lagen C, Cullen S, et al. The Role of Early Post-Operative Radiographs Following Distal Radius Fracture Fixation with a Volar Locking Plate: Time for Change? J Hand Surg Asian Pac 2019;24(4):435-9.
75. Shubert DJ, Shepet KH, Kerns AF, Bramer MA. Postoperative chest radiograph after open reduction internal fixation of clavicle fractures: a necessary practice? J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2019;28(5):e131-e6.
76. Shulman BS, Lee JH, Liporace FA, Egol KA. Minimally displaced radial head/neck fractures (Mason type-I, OTA types 21A2.2 and 21B2.1): are we ”over treating” our patients? J Orthop Trauma 2015;29(2):e31-5.
77. Stone JD, Vaccaro LM, Brabender RC, Hess AV. Utility and cost analysis of radiographs taken 2 weeks following plate fixation of distal radius fractures. J Hand Surg Am 2015;40(6):1106-9.
78. Teo T, Schaeffer E, Cooper A, Mulpuri K. Do Immediate Postoperative Radiographs Change Patient Management After Fracture Fixation? A Systematic Review. J Orthop Trauma 2018;32(5):211-5.
79. Tran J, Jeanmonod D, Agresti D, Hamden K, Jeanmonod RK. Prospective Validation of Modified NEXUS Cervical Spine Injury Criteria in Low-risk Elderly Fall Patients. West J Emerg Med 2016;17(3):252-7.
80. Urquhart JC, Alrehaili OA, Fisher CG, Fleming A, Rasoulinejad P, Gurr K, et al. Treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures: extended follow-up of a randomized clinical trial comparing orthosis versus no orthosis. J Neurosurg Spine 2017;27(1):42-7.
81. van Aaken J, Fusetti C, Luchina S, et al. Fifth metacarpal neck fractures treated with soft wrap/buddy taping compared to reduction and casting: results of a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial.Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2016;136(1):135-42.
82. van Gerven P, El Moumni M, Zuidema WP, et al. Omitting Routine Radiography of Traumatic Distal Radial Fractures After Initial 2-Week Follow-up Does Not Affect Outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg Am2019;101(15):1342-50.
83. van Gerven P, Rubinstein SM, Nederpelt C, et al. The value of radiography in the follow-up of extremity fractures: a systematic review. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2018;138(12):1659-69.
84. van Gerven P, van Dongen JM, Rubinstein SM, et al. Reduction of routine use of radiography in patients with ankle fractures leads to lower costs and has no impact on clinical outcome: an economic evaluation. BMC Health Serv Res 2020;20(1):893.
85. van Gerven P, Weil NL, Termaat MF, et al. Routine Follow-Up Radiographs for Ankle Fractures Seldom Add Value to Clinical Decision-Making: A Retrospective, Observational Study. J Foot Ankle Surg 2018;57(5):957-60.
86. van Trigt J, Schep NWL, Peters RW, Goslings JC, Schepers T, Halm JA. Routine pelvic X-rays in asymptomatic hemodynamically stable blunt trauma patients: A meta-analysis. Injury 2018;49(11):2024-31.
87. Walenkamp MM, Bentohami A, Slaar A, et al. The Amsterdam wrist rules: the multicenter prospective derivation and external validation of a clinical decision rule for the use of radiography in acute wrist trauma. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015;16:389.
88. Wallace N, McHugh M, Patel R, Aleem IS. Effects of Bracing on Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes Following Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures in Neurologically Intact Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. JBJS Rev 2019;7(9):e9.
89. Weil NL, El Moumni M, Rubinstein SM, Krijnen P, Termaat MF, Schipper IB. Routine follow-up radiographs for distal radius fractures are seldom clinically substantiated. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg2017;137(9):1187-91.
90. Westerterp M, Emous M, Vermeulen MC, Eerenberg JP, van Geloven AA. No additional value of routine check X-rays after internal fixation of hip fractures. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2013;39(2):163-5.
91. Paykin G, O’Reilly G, Ackland H, Mitra B. Review article: NEXUS criteria to rule out cervical spine injury among older patients: A systematic review. Emerg Med Australas 2018;30(4):450-5.
92. Patton MP, Moore L, Farhat I, et al. Inter-hospital variation in surgical intensity for trauma admissions: A multicentre cohort study.Int J Clin Pract 2020;74(11):e13613.