\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[ngerman,english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Differential retention contributes to racial/ethnic disparity in U.S.
academia}



\author[1]{Allison Shaw}%
\author[1]{Chiara Accolla}%
\author[1]{Jeremy M Chacón}%
\author[1]{Taryn L Mueller}%
\author[1]{Maxime Vaugeois}%
\author[1]{Ya Yang}%
\author[2]{Nitin Sekar}%
\author[1]{Daniel E Stanton}%
\affil[1]{University of Minnesota-Twin Cities}%
\affil[2]{WWF}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 18, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Several racial and ethnic identities are widely understood to be
under-represented within academia, however, actual quantification of
this under-representation is surprisingly limited. Challenges include
data availability, demographic inertia and identifying comparison
points. We use de-aggregated data from the U.S. National Science
Foundation to construct a null model of ethnic and racial representation
in one of the world's largest academic communities. Making comparisons
between our model and actual representation in academia allows us to
measure the effects of retention (while controlling for recruitment) at
different academic stages. We find that, regardless of recruitment,
failed retention contributes to mis-representation across academia and
that the stages responsible for the largest disparities differ by race
and ethnicity: for Black and Hispanic scholars this occurs at the
transition from graduate student to postdoctoral researcher whereas for
Native American/Alaskan Native and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
scholars this occurs at transitions to and within faculty stages. Even
for Asian and Asian-Americans, often perceived as well represented,
circumstances are complex and depend on choice of baseline. Our findings
demonstrate that while recruitment continues to be important, retention
is also a pervasive barrier to proportional representation.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

