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Inactivated vaccine fueled adaptive immune responses to Omicron in 2-year COVID-19 convalescents
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  • William J. Liu,
  • Maoshun Liu,
  • Jie Zhang,
  • Lei Li,
  • Jinmin Tian,
  • Mengjie Yang,
  • Bingli Shang,
  • Xin Wang,
  • Min Li,
  • Hongmei Li,
  • Can Yue,
  • Sijia Yao,
  • Ying Lin,
  • Yuanyuan Guo,
  • Kexin Zong,
  • Danni Zhang,
  • Yingze Zhao,
  • Kun Cai,
  • Shaobo Dong,
  • Shengping Xu,
  • Jianbo Zhan,
  • Yongzhong Jiang,
  • George-Fu Gao
William J. Liu
Wenzhou Medical University School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Maoshun Liu
Wenzhou Medical University School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences
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Jie Zhang
Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital
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Lei Li
Wenzhou Medical University School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences
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Jinmin Tian
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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Mengjie Yang
Wenzhou Medical University School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences
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Bingli Shang
Wenzhou Medical University School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences
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Xin Wang
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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Min Li
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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Hongmei Li
Wenzhou Medical University School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences
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Can Yue
University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Savaid Medical School
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Sijia Yao
Wenzhou Medical University School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences
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Ying Lin
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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Yuanyuan Guo
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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Kexin Zong
Wenzhou Medical University School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences
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Danni Zhang
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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Yingze Zhao
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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Kun Cai
Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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Shaobo Dong
Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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Shengping Xu
Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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Jianbo Zhan
Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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Yongzhong Jiang
Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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George-Fu Gao
Wenzhou Medical University School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences
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Abstract

Over three years, humans have experienced multiple rounds of global transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. In addition, the widely used vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 involve multiple strategies of development and inoculation. Thus, the acquired immunity established among humans is complicated, and there is a lack of understanding within a panoramic vision. Here, we provide the special characteristics of the cellular and humoral responses in 2-year convalescents after inactivated vaccines, in parallel to vaccinated COVID-19 naïve persons and unvaccinated controls. The decreasing trends of the IgG, IgA, and NAb, but not IgM of the convalescents were reversed by the vaccination. Both cellular and humoral immunity in convalescents after vaccination were higher than the vaccinated COVID-19 naïve persons. Notably, inoculation with inactivated vaccine fueled the NAb to BA.1, BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 in 2-year convalescents, much higher than the NAb during 6 months and 1 year after symptoms onset. And no obvious T cell escaping to the S protein was observed in 2-year convalescents after inoculation. The study provides insight into the complicated features of human acquired immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and variants in the real world, indicating that promoting vaccine inoculation is essential for achieving herd immunity against emerging variants, especially in convalescents.
07 Mar 2023Submitted to Journal of Medical Virology
11 Mar 2023Submission Checks Completed
11 Mar 2023Assigned to Editor
11 Mar 2023Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
13 Mar 2023Reviewer(s) Assigned
03 Apr 2023Editorial Decision: Revise Major
28 Apr 20231st Revision Received
02 Jun 2023Assigned to Editor
02 Jun 2023Submission Checks Completed
02 Jun 2023Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
03 Jun 2023Reviewer(s) Assigned
21 Jun 2023Editorial Decision: Revise Minor
03 Jul 20232nd Revision Received
05 Jul 2023Assigned to Editor
05 Jul 2023Submission Checks Completed
05 Jul 2023Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
05 Jul 2023Editorial Decision: Accept